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EXCI 253 (anatomy) > Intro to muscles (general myology) > Flashcards

Intro to muscles (general myology) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of muscle cells?

A
  1. Irritability (“Electrical Excitability”)
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue (describe each)

A
  1. Skeletal: striated, voluntary
  2. Smooth: non-striated, involuntary, visceral
  3. Cardiac: striated, specialized, involuntary
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3
Q

What is muscle fascia?

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • completely surrounds muscle
  • skeletal muscle found deep to it
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4
Q

What are the extensions of the muscle fascia called?

A

Epimysium

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5
Q

Muscle fiber =

A

Muscle cell

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6
Q

Each muscle fiber is covered by:

A

endomysium

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7
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers are called:

A

Fascicles

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8
Q

Each fascicle is covered by

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

Whole muscle is made up of:

A

a group of fascicles

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10
Q

Whole muscle is covered by:

A

epimysium

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11
Q

Each muscle fiber is made up of bundles of:

A

myofibrils

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12
Q

Each myofibril is covered by:

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Deep to endomysium, muscle fiber is covered by:

A

sarcolemma

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14
Q

Each myofibril is made up of:

A

Myofilaments (proteins)

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15
Q

Within each sarcomere, each myofibril has:

A

3000 actin (thin) myofilaments
1500 myosin (thick) myofilaments

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16
Q

During contraction of muscle what happens to actin and myosin?

A

They overlap!

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17
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The microfunctional unit of a muscle

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18
Q

Describe a sarcomere

A
  • Cross striations
  • Dark (A) Bands: Actin+myosin
  • Light (I) Bands: Actin ONLY
  • middle: H zone + M Line (protein bands)
  • Ends: Z discs
  • Cross bridges (50 pairs)
  • Surrounded by SR
  • (Transverse) T-tubules: allow APs to spread quickly throughout muscle
19
Q

Motor Unit =

A

Gross Functional Unit of the muscle (motor neuron + muscle fiber)

20
Q

Motor unit is found at the:

A

myoneural junction

21
Q

skeletal muscle contraction principle:

A

all or none

22
Q

smooth muscle contraction principle

A

peristalsis

23
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ):

A

Synaptic end bulb + motor end plate

24
Q

Muscle Fiber Shapes:

A
  • Longitudinal (Parallel): rectus abdominis
  • Fusiform: Biceps
  • Unipennate: flexor pollicis longus
  • Bipennate: triceps
  • Multipennate: deltoid
  • Circular: around mouth, eyes
  • Radiate (Triangular/Convergent): pec major
25
Q

How do you name a muscle?

A
  • Action
  • Direction of fibers
  • Location
  • Size
  • # origins
  • Shape
  • origin/insertion
26
Q

Origin:

A

Proximal end (red)

27
Q

Insertion:

A

Distal end

28
Q

Belly (Head):

A

Fleshy or meaty part

29
Q

Aponeurosis:

A

Broad, flat, tendon

30
Q

Agonist:

A

Prime mover, Main action muscle

31
Q

Antagonist:

A

Opposing muscle

32
Q

Synergist:

A

helps action of agonist

33
Q

Synergist (Fixator):

A

Stabilizes to help agonistA

34
Q

Atrophy:

A

Decrease muscle size due to inactivity

35
Q

Hypertrophy:

A

Increase muscle due to activity

36
Q

Describe tendons.

A
  • Extensions of muscle belly
  • Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium
  • Dense, regular connective tissue
  • Parallel bundles of collagenous fibers
  • attaches muscle to bone (at periosteum)
  • may/may not have synovial sheath
37
Q

Describe ligaments.

A
  • attach bone to bone
  • dense regular (or irregular) connective tissue
  • mostly parallel collagenous fibers (some elastic)
  • attaches to bone’s periosteum
  • important for jnt stability
  • jnt (fibrous) capsules: strength/stability
  • certain lvl of flexibility for mvmt
38
Q

What is isometric exercise?

A
  • no jnt or functional mvmt
    (pulling an object attached to the ground)
39
Q

What is an isotonic exercise?

A
  • fixed resistance, variable speeds (progressive resistive exercise: PRE)
    (at the gym, bicep curls)
40
Q

What is an isokinetic exercise?

A
  • constant speed (degrees/sec) + accomodating resistance (max load at each point of jnt’s ROM)
41
Q

What are the 2 types of contraction?

A

Concentric: muscle shortens
Eccentric: muscle lengthens

42
Q

Muscle spindle function:

A

stretch + speed of stretch
(in muscle belly)

43
Q

Golgi tendon organs function:

A

Tension

EXCI 253 (anatomy) (10 decks)

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