Axial Skeleton Flashcards
List the vertebrae + number of bones
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacral (5): sacrum
- Coccygeal (4): Coccyx
33 vertebrae: 26 bones
What are the parts of the axial skeleton?
- Skull
- Vertebrae
- Thorax (ribs/sternum)
Interbvertebral discs: #, starting point, type of cartilage?
: 23
First btwn C2 and C3
Fibrocartilage
What are the fetal curves?
Kyphosis: primary curves
What are the adult curves?
Lordosis: secondary curves
- Head extension: cervical lordosis
- Upright: Lumbar lordosis
- Sacral and coccygeal curves: fused
List the development of fundamental positions.
- Supine
- Prone
- Rolling
- Quadruped
- Crawling
List the development of transitional postures.
- sitting
- kneeling
- squatting
List the development of functional positions.
- vertical stance
- Gait
What are the postural conditions?
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
- Scoliosis
What passes through the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord
What passes through the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal nerves
List 2 characteristics of cervical vertebrae.
1) often bifid spinous process (C2-C6)
2) transverse foramina
What is C7 called?
Vertebra prominens
Describe C1.
“Atlas”
- 2 lateral masses
- no body
- articulates w/ occipital condyles
- “yes”
What is the joint type of atlanto-occipital joint?
diarthrosis synovial condyloid
Describe C2.
“Axis”
- Dens (Odontoid process)
- Transverse atlantal lig. (to hold dens)
- “no”
What is the joint type of atlanto-axial joint?
diarthrosis synovial pivot
Thoracic vertebrae: what do the demi-facets articulate with?
Ribs (head)
Thoracic vertebrae: what do the facets on transverse processes articulate with?
Ribs (tubercle)
Where does rotation occur for thoracic vertebrae?
At facet joints
Which plane are the facet joints of lumbar vertebrae in?
sagittal
What are the mvmts of lumbar vertebrae?
Flexion/extension
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2
What is the joint type of Sacroiliac (SI) joint? and which bones are included?
- diarthrosis synovial gliding
- ilium + sacrum
What is the role of the SI joint?
transfer dynamics btwn torso/pelvis and the pelvis/lower extremity
What are the ligaments of the SI joint?
- Interosseous sacroiliac lig (ventral/dorsal)
- iliolumbar lig
- sacrotuberous lig (ischial tuberosity)
- sacrospinous lig (ischial spine)
Describe intervertebral discs in terms of water content and daily height
- high water content at birth
- loss of water with aging
- height decreases daily
- height resumed: nightly osmosis
What is permanent thinning of intervertebral discs called?
Spondylosis
What is the role of intervertebral discs and what are the possible outcomes?
Allows mvmt in spine
Compression, possible herniation
What is the annulus fibrous? What is it for?
Outer ring of disc (around nucleus pulposus)
- motion btwn vertebral bodies (spiral and oblique fibers)
- shock absorbing
What is the nucleus pulposus for?
- shock absorbing (equalize stress)
- exchange of fluid (btwn disc and capillaries)
- axis of mvmt btwn adjacent vertebrae (runs vertically through)
What is a herniated disc?
When the nucleus pulposus pushes through annulus fibrosus
What is pars interarticularis?
part of vertebra btwn sup. and inf. articular facets
What is spondylolysis?
Stress fractures in pars interarticularis
What is spondylolisthesis?
vertebra slips out of alignment (can be from spondylolysis)
What are the landmarks of the spine?
- C7: vertebra prominens
- T2: Sup. angle of scapula
- T3: medial end of spine of scapula
- T7: Inf. angle of scapula
- L4/L5: Imaginary line across iliac crests
- S2: Line across PSIS
- Triangle of auscultation: traps, lats, scapula
