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EXCI 253 (anatomy) > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

List the vertebrae + number of bones

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5): sacrum
  • Coccygeal (4): Coccyx

33 vertebrae: 26 bones

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2
Q

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebrae
  • Thorax (ribs/sternum)
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3
Q

Interbvertebral discs: #, starting point, type of cartilage?

A

: 23

First btwn C2 and C3
Fibrocartilage

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4
Q

What are the fetal curves?

A

Kyphosis: primary curves

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5
Q

What are the adult curves?

A

Lordosis: secondary curves
- Head extension: cervical lordosis
- Upright: Lumbar lordosis
- Sacral and coccygeal curves: fused

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6
Q

List the development of fundamental positions.

A
  • Supine
  • Prone
  • Rolling
  • Quadruped
  • Crawling
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7
Q

List the development of transitional postures.

A
  • sitting
  • kneeling
  • squatting
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8
Q

List the development of functional positions.

A
  • vertical stance
  • Gait
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9
Q

What are the postural conditions?

A
  • Kyphosis
  • Lordosis
  • Scoliosis
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10
Q

What passes through the vertebral foramen?

A

Spinal cord

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11
Q

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

List 2 characteristics of cervical vertebrae.

A

1) often bifid spinous process (C2-C6)
2) transverse foramina

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13
Q

What is C7 called?

A

Vertebra prominens

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14
Q

Describe C1.

A

“Atlas”
- 2 lateral masses
- no body
- articulates w/ occipital condyles
- “yes”

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15
Q

What is the joint type of atlanto-occipital joint?

A

diarthrosis synovial condyloid

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16
Q

Describe C2.

A

“Axis”
- Dens (Odontoid process)
- Transverse atlantal lig. (to hold dens)
- “no”

17
Q

What is the joint type of atlanto-axial joint?

A

diarthrosis synovial pivot

18
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: what do the demi-facets articulate with?

A

Ribs (head)

19
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: what do the facets on transverse processes articulate with?

A

Ribs (tubercle)

20
Q

Where does rotation occur for thoracic vertebrae?

A

At facet joints

21
Q

Which plane are the facet joints of lumbar vertebrae in?

A

sagittal

22
Q

What are the mvmts of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Flexion/extension

23
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

24
Q

What is the joint type of Sacroiliac (SI) joint? and which bones are included?

A
  • diarthrosis synovial gliding
  • ilium + sacrum
25
Q

What is the role of the SI joint?

A

transfer dynamics btwn torso/pelvis and the pelvis/lower extremity

26
Q

What are the ligaments of the SI joint?

A
  • Interosseous sacroiliac lig (ventral/dorsal)
  • iliolumbar lig
  • sacrotuberous lig (ischial tuberosity)
  • sacrospinous lig (ischial spine)
27
Q

Describe intervertebral discs in terms of water content and daily height

A
  • high water content at birth
  • loss of water with aging
  • height decreases daily
  • height resumed: nightly osmosis
28
Q

What is permanent thinning of intervertebral discs called?

A

Spondylosis

29
Q

What is the role of intervertebral discs and what are the possible outcomes?

A

Allows mvmt in spine
Compression, possible herniation

30
Q

What is the annulus fibrous? What is it for?

A

Outer ring of disc (around nucleus pulposus)
- motion btwn vertebral bodies (spiral and oblique fibers)
- shock absorbing

31
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus for?

A
  • shock absorbing (equalize stress)
  • exchange of fluid (btwn disc and capillaries)
  • axis of mvmt btwn adjacent vertebrae (runs vertically through)
32
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

When the nucleus pulposus pushes through annulus fibrosus

33
Q

What is pars interarticularis?

A

part of vertebra btwn sup. and inf. articular facets

34
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Stress fractures in pars interarticularis

35
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

vertebra slips out of alignment (can be from spondylolysis)

36
Q

What are the landmarks of the spine?

A
  • C7: vertebra prominens
  • T2: Sup. angle of scapula
  • T3: medial end of spine of scapula
  • T7: Inf. angle of scapula
  • L4/L5: Imaginary line across iliac crests
  • S2: Line across PSIS
  • Triangle of auscultation: traps, lats, scapula

EXCI 253 (anatomy) (18 decks)

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