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EXCI 253 (anatomy) > Osteology (lecture 3) > Flashcards

Osteology (lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the skeletal system?

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilages
  • Joints
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2
Q

What is the study of bones?

A

Osteology

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3
Q

What is the study of joint?

A

Arthrology

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4
Q

What are the 4 classes of bones?

A

Long (e.g. humerus)
Short (e.g. carpal)
Flat (skull/face)
Irregular (e.g. scapula)

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5
Q

What is a living skeleton (e.g. humans)

A

Endoskeleton

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6
Q

What is a non-living skeleton (e.g. insects)

A

Exoskeleton

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7
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Floating (does not form a joint)

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8
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Acts as a lever (w muscles) for mvmt
  • Storage/Release area for minerals
  • Blood cell formation (RBCs)
  • Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
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9
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

1) Endochondral: Bone forms by replacement of hyaline cartilage (long bones of the extremities)
2) Intramembranous: Forms directly in the matrix by increasing growth of collagenous fibers (flat bones of the skull and face)

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10
Q

Describe bone tissue.

A
  • Complex and dynamic living tissue
  • Continually remodeling
  • Several tissues working together: osseous, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose, and nervous
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11
Q

Name and describe the 4 bone cells.

A

1) Osteoprogenitor cell (develops into osteoblast)
2) Osteoblast (forms bone extracellular matrix, always creating new bone cells)
3) Osteocyte (maintains bone tissue)
4) Osteoclast (destroy/remove tissue that needs to be replaced)

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12
Q

Name and describe the general features (parts) of the bone.

A

1) Diaphysis: shaft (on all long bones)
2) Epiphyses: distal/proximal ends of bone
3) Metaphyses: in btwn diaphysis & epiphyses
- Epiphyseal plate: part of metaphysis (growth plate)
4) Articular cartilage (hyaline)
5) Periosteum: outer layer of connective tissue, covering all except articular cartilage
6) Medullary cavity: storage, makes bones lighter
7) Endosteum: inner layer of connective tissue, lines medullary cavity

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13
Q

Describe compact bone.

A
  • surface of bone, but can extend deeper
  • makes up most of diaphysis of long bones
  • looks dense (solid) but porour microscopically
  • Protects/supports
  • Resistant to stresses from weight/mvmt
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14
Q

Name all the parts of compact bone.

A
  • Osteons (Haversian systems)
  • Osteonic (Haversian) canals
  • Concentric Lamella(e)
  • Lacunae
  • Canaliculi
  • Interstitial lamellae
  • Interosteonic (Volkmann) canals
  • Circumferential lamellae
  • Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
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15
Q

What is the periosteum and name the 2 layers.

A

Fibrous membrane (CT) surrounding complete bone except at articular cartilage.
1) Outer: fibrous
2) Inner: Osteogenic

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16
Q

Describe Spongy Bone Tissue.

A

(trabecular/cancellous bone)
- does not contain osteons
- interior of bone, protected by compact bone

17
Q

Describe/name parts of Spongy Bone.

A

Trabeculae: lamellae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns
- concentric lamellae
- osteocytes
- lacunae
- canaliculi

Spaces btwn trabeculae filled w red bone marrow at extremities (blood cell production) or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

18
Q

Where does bone tissue get its blood supply from?

A

1) Periosteal arteries
2) Nutrient artery
3) Metaphyseal arteries
4) Epiphyseal arteries

19
Q

Describe the periosteal arteries.

A
  • Enter diaphysis thru interosteonic canals
  • supply periosteum + outer part of compact bone
20
Q

Describe the nutrient artery.

A
  • Enters near center of diaphysis via obliqued angled hole: nutrient foramen
  • Path is away from dominant growth end of bone (go to elbow, flee knee)
21
Q

Describe the metaphyseal arteries.

A
  • Arise from arteries around associated joint
22
Q

Describe the epiphyseal arteries

A
  • Arise from arteries around associated joint
23
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone formation?

A

1) Initial formation in embryo and fetus
2) General growth thru infancy, childhood, and early adulthood
3) Bone remodelling thru life
4) Repair (from fractures) thru life)

24
Q

Explain the first stage of bone formation.

A
  • Initially from mesenchyme (CT in embryo)
  • Forms general shape of bone
  • Then goes thru a type of ossification
25
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

1) Intramembranous Ossification (flat bones, e.g. skull/face)
2) Endochondral Ossification (most other bones)

26
Q

Name the steps of Intramembranous Ossification (4).

A

1- Development of ossification centre
2- Calcification
3- Formation of trabeculae
4- Development of periosteum

27
Q

Name the steps of Endochondral Ossification (6).

A

1- Development of cartilage model
2- Growth of cartilage model
3- Development of primary ossification centre (diaphysis)
4- Development of medullary cavity
5- Development of secondary ossification centres (epiphyseal)
6- Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth) plate

28
Q

Name the zones (4) for growth in length (Epiphyseal plate) of bone.

A

1) Zone of reserve/resting cartilage
2) Zone of proliferating cartilage
3) Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4) Zone of calcified cartilage

29
Q

Describe the zone of reserve/resting cartilage (1) of the epiphyseal plate.

A
  • Closest to epiphysis
  • Consists of small scattered chondrocytes
30
Q

Describe the zone of proliferating cartilage (2) of the epiphyseal plate.

A
  • Larger chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth, divide and secrete extracellular matrix
31
Q

Describe the zone of hypertrophic cartilage (3) of the epiphyseal plate.

A
  • Large maturing chondrocytes (compress extracellular matrix)
32
Q

Describe the zone of calcified cartilage (4) of the epiphyseal plate.

A
  • Dead chondrocytes bc extracellular matrix has calcified (no more nutrients)
  • Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage, then osteoblasts and capillaries invade the area
  • Osteoblasts lay down bone extracellular matrix, process of endochondral ossification, new diaphysis formed as a result
33
Q

What are the 4 steps of bone growth in THICKNESS?

A

1) Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
2) Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum lined tunnel
3) Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon
4) Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels.

34
Q

Bone Modeling: Cartilage model is fairly close to general shape of:

A

mature bone

35
Q

Bone Modeling: the final shape of bones is determined by:

A
  • Gravitational forces (pressure epiphyses)
  • Functional forces (traction epiphyses)

EXCI 253 (anatomy) (10 decks)

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