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EXCI 253 (anatomy) > Nervous system (Intro) > Flashcards

Nervous system (Intro) Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron =

A

nerve cell

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2
Q

Neuron def:

A

Basic structural and functional component of the NS

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3
Q

Describe dendrites

A
  • Cytoplasmic processes, reception of stimulus, impulses to cell body, multiple per neuron
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4
Q

Axon =

A

nerve fiber

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5
Q

Describe Axons

A
  • Cytoplasmic process
  • only one per neuron
  • conduct impulses away from cell body
  • may have several collateral branches
  • have neurofibrils
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6
Q

Where is epineurium?

A

Around the whole nerve

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7
Q

Where is perineurium?

A

Around the fascicles

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8
Q

Where is endoneurium?

A

Around the nerve fibers (axons)

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9
Q

What are the qualities of a nerve (2)?

A
  1. Excitability (respond to stimuli and generate nerve impulses)
  2. Conductivity (transmit a state of excitation)
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10
Q

What is the “H” formation (nuclei) on the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

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11
Q

What is grey commissure?

A

Zone that connects the 2 hemispheres (surrounds central canal of spinal cord)

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12
Q

What is the nuclei of grey matter?

A

mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the CNS

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13
Q

What surrounds grey commissures?

A

Areas of white matter

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14
Q

White matter =

A

Nerve fibers w/ myelin sheath coverings

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15
Q

Each white nerve bundle =

A

tract

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16
Q

What are the spinal cord regions?

A
  • Cervical (thick grey matter)
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar (thick grey matter)
  • Sacral (thick grey matter: more activity)
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17
Q

What are the ascending tracts of the spinal cord (toward the brain)

A

Sensory or afferent

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18
Q

What are the descending tracts of the spinal cord (away from brain)

A

Motor or efferent

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19
Q

Where are white tracts found in comparison to the grey commissure?

A

Ant., post., and lat.

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20
Q

Dorsal roots:

A
  • groups of nerve fibers entering dorsal horn
  • contain sensory neurons
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21
Q

Ventral roots:

A
  • groups of nerve fibers leaving ventral horns
  • contain motor neurons
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22
Q

Dorsal root + ventral root =

A

spinal nerve

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23
Q

Spinal nerves =

A

mixed nerves (sensory +motor)

24
Q

Number of spinal nerves:

A

31 pairs

25
Q

When do spinal nerves divide?

A

After leaving intervertebral foramen

26
Q

what do Dorsal rami innervate?

A

skin of back, paravertebral muscles

27
Q

what do Ventral rami innervate?

A

all extremity muscles, lateral and ventral trunk

28
Q

Nerve root distribution: Vertebrae

A
  • Cervial - 7
  • Thoracic - 12
  • Lumbar - 5
  • Sacral (Sacrum) - 5
  • Coccygeal (Coccyx) - 4
    Total: 33
29
Q

Nerve root distribution: spinal nerves

A
  • Cervical - 8
  • Thoracic - 12
  • Lumbar - 5
  • Sacral - 5
  • Coccygeal -1
    Total: 31 pairs
30
Q

Networks:

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves from plexuses (plexi)

EXCEPT: T2-T12 and S5-Co1

31
Q

What are the nerve plexuses:

A
  • Cervical: C1-C4
  • Brachial: C5-T1
  • Lumbar: L1-L4
  • Sacral: L4/L5-S4
  • Lumbar + Sacral = Lumbosacral
32
Q

Brachial Plexus: “Risk Takers Don’t Cautiously Behave”

A

Rami
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches

33
Q

Brachial plexus: cords named in relation to

A

axillary artery

34
Q

Brachial plexus: covered by connective tissue

A

axillary sheath

35
Q

Brachial plexus: location

A
  • Descends and passes over 1st rib, behind clavicle into axilla
  • accompanies axillary artery + vein
  • Posterior to Pec Major
36
Q

Brachial plexus trunks:

A
  1. Upper trunk: ventral rami of C5 and C6 join
  2. Middle trunk: ventral rami of C7 continues
  3. Lower trunk: ventral rami of C8 and T1 join
37
Q

Brachial Plexus: Each trunk divides into an:

A

anterior and posterior division

38
Q

Brachial Plexus: 3 posterior divisions form the:

A

posterior cord

39
Q

Brachial Plexus: anterior division of the lower trunk forms the:

A

medial cord

40
Q

Brachial Plexus: anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks form the:

A

Lateral cord

41
Q

Brachial plexus: the posterior cord becomes the:

A

radial n.

42
Q

Brachial Plexus: the major branch of radial n. is the

A

axillary n.

43
Q

Brachial Plexus: the 3 nerves in the “M”:

A
  1. musculocutaneous n.
  2. median n.
  3. ulnar n.
44
Q

Brachial Plexus: the lateral and medial cords form the

A

median n.

45
Q

Brachial Plexus: the medial cord becomes the

A

ulnar n.

46
Q

Brachial Plexus: the lateral cord branches off to the

A

musculocutaneous n.

47
Q

What are the ventral rami of the terminal nerve branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  • Radial n: C5-C8, T1
  • Axillary n: C5-C6
  • Musculocutaneous n: C5-C7
  • Median n: C5-C8, T1
  • Ulnar n: (C7), C8, T1
48
Q

Which nerve passes through the radial groove of the humerus?

A

radial n.

49
Q

Describe the radial n.

A
  • largest branch of brachial plexus
  • behind axillary a.
  • in front of subscapularis
  • innervates post. upper extremity
  • under triceps
  • deep into antecubital fossa, behind brachialis and brachioradialis
  • ends in lateroposterior forearm
  • reflexes: brachioradialis (C6), triceps (C7)
50
Q

Describe the axillary n.

A
  • branch of post. cord
  • lateral to radial n.
  • medial to surgical neck of humerus b.
  • into deltoid m. and teres minor m.
51
Q

describe the musculocutaneous n.

A
  • pierces coracobrachialis m.
  • anterior arm muscles (biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis)
  • reflex: biceps (C5)
52
Q

describe the median n.

A
  • most forearm flexor m. (except brachioradialis and flexor carpi ulnaris)
  • thumb side of hand and wrist
  • superficial at anterior wrist
53
Q

describe the ulnar n.

A
  • passes behind medial epicondyle
  • runs down medial forearm
  • some flexor muscles and many intrinsic muscles of the hand
54
Q

What is the definition of a dermatome?

A

The area of skin providing sensory input to the post. roots of 1 spinal segment

55
Q

Describe dermatomes

A
  • skin supplied by somatic sensory n.
  • afferent n.
  • all spinal n. have branches from the skin EXCEPT C1
  • no exact boundaries
  • considerable overlap
  • lesion to 1 spinal n. may be little or no loss of sensation
  • usually 3 adjacent lesion for complete anesthesia to a dermatome
56
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Around L2

57
Q

Injuries to nerves emerging from brachial plexus:

A
  • Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter’s tip)
  • Wrist drop
  • median nerve palsy
  • ulnar nerver palsy
  • winging of right scapula b. (could be due to serratus ant. and long thoracic n.)

EXCI 253 (anatomy) (10 decks)

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