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Biol 348 Anatomy > tissues (cont) > Flashcards

tissues (cont) Flashcards

1
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells and extracellular products that
perform a common function

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2
Q

Four types of tissue in the body

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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3
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia

A
  • polarity
  • innervation
  • avascularity
  • regeneration
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4
Q

polarity of epithelia include

A

apical and basal surfaces

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5
Q

what type of tissue in basement membrane?

A

connective tissue

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6
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Provide Physical Protection
  2. Control Permeability
  3. Provide Sensation
  4. Produce Specialized Secretions (glandular epithelium
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7
Q

what is intercellular connection within epithelium (ET)?

A

cell junctions

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8
Q

Cell junctions

A

Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material

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9
Q

types of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Desmosomes
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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

– Water tight seal
– Prevents solutes from moving between cells

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11
Q

Gap Junctions

A

– Allow rapid communication
– Are held together by channel proteins (junctional
proteins, connexons)
– Allow ions to pass

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12
Q

Desmosomes

A

CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement

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13
Q

2 types of desmosomes

A
  • spot desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
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14
Q

Spot desmosomes

A
  • Tie cells together – like a button
    – Allow bending and twisting
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15
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Attach cells to the basal lamina

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16
Q

2 types of basement membrane

A
  • Secreted by epithelia = basal lamina
  • Secreted by connective tissue
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17
Q

2 types of basal lamina

A
  • lamina lucida: thin layer (clear layer)
  • lamina densa: type IV collagen (dense layer)
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18
Q

basement membrane secreted by connective tissue

A

lamina recticularis (recticular layer)
-> type III collagen (aka reticular fibers)

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19
Q

how do epithelia maintain and repair?

A

Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative cells
(stem cells)

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20
Q

singular of ET

A

epithelium

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21
Q

plural of ET

A

epithelia

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22
Q

2 ways to classify epithelia

A
  • based on shape
  • based on layers
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23
Q

classes of epithelia based on shape

A
  • squamous epithelia
  • cuboidal epithelia
  • columnar epithelia
24
Q

which type of epithelia that is thin and flat?

A

squamous epithelia

25
Q

which type of epithelia is square shape?

A

cuboidal epithelia

26
Q

which type of epithilia is tall, slender rectangle?

A

columnar epithelia

27
Q

types of epithelia based on layers

A
  • simple epithelium: single layers of cells
  • stratified epithelium: several layers of cells
28
Q

subtypes of squamous epithelia

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • mesothelium
  • endothelium
  • stratified squamous epithelium
29
Q

Mesothelium

A

Lines body cavities

30
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines heart and blood vessels

31
Q

types of glandular epithelia

A
  • endocrine glands
  • exocrine glands
32
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands

A
  • endocrine glands: release hormones, no ducts
  • exocrine glands: produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts
33
Q

types of glandular secretion

A
  • merocrine secretion
  • apocrine secretion
  • holocrine secretion
34
Q

merocrine secretion

A
  • Released by vesicles (exocytosis)
  • Salivary glands
35
Q

apocrine secretion

A
  • Released by shedding cytoplasm (more destructive)
  • Mammary glands
36
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A
  • Product builds up in cell causing it to swell
  • Released when cell ruptures
37
Q

how to distinguish connective tissues?

A

based on:
- types of specialized cells
- extracellular matrix composition

38
Q

Extracellular matrix composition

A
  • protein fibers (aka CT fiber) (solid): elastic, collagen, recticular
  • ground substance (liquid): water, electrolytes, etc
39
Q

collagen fibers (type I)

A
  • most common
  • long, straight, unbranched
  • resist force in one direction

ex: tendons, ligaments

40
Q

reticular fiber (type III collagen)

A
  • network of fibers
  • Resists force in many directions
    ex: Sheaths around organs
41
Q

elastic fibers

A

– Contain elastin
– Branched and wavy
– Return to original length after stretching
– Elastic ligaments of vertebrae

42
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

– Structural framework for the body

– Transport of fluids and dissolved materials

– Protect organs

– Support/surround, and interconnect other tissues

– Storage of energy reserves

– Defense from invading microorganisms

43
Q

subtypes of connective tissues proper

A

-loose connective tissues: areolar, adipose, reticular

  • dense connective tissues: regular, irregular, elastic
44
Q

loose vs dense connective tissues

A

loose CT: More ground substance, fewer fibers

dense CT: More fibers, less ground substance

45
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bones

46
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

47
Q

where does dense irregular CT locate?

A
  • reticular layer of dermis
  • Around cartilages (perichondrium)
  • Around bones (periosteum)
  • Form capsules around some organs (e.g. kidneys)
  • Sheaths around nerves
48
Q

cartilage

A
  • Gel-type ground substance
  • For shock absorption and protection
49
Q

bone

A
  • Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)
  • For weight support
50
Q

4 types of membranes

A
  1. Mucous membranes
  2. Serous membranes
  3. Cutaneous membrane
  4. Synovial membranes
51
Q

mucous membrane

A

epithelial tissue must be moist

52
Q

serous membrane

A

has 2 layers:
- parietal layers: cover cavity
- visceral layers: cover organ

53
Q

3 subtypes of serous membranes

A
  1. pleura: cover lungs
  2. peritoneum: cover abdominal organs
  3. pericardium: cover heart
54
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

– Skin
– Thick, waterproof, and dry

55
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • produce synovial fluid
  • lack a true epithelium
  • protect the ends of bones
56
Q

functions of CT

A
  1. Provide strength and stability
  2. Maintain positions of internal organs
  3. Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
    nerves
57
Q

The body’s framework of connective tissue

A

fasciae (singular: fascia)

Biol 348 Anatomy (25 decks)

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