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Biol 348 Anatomy > skeletal system p1 > Flashcards

skeletal system p1 Flashcards

1
Q

Five Primary Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage
  3. Blood Cell Production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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2
Q

components of skeletal system

A

bone, associated cartilage, ligaments, and others CT

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3
Q

other name for bone tissue

A

osseous tissue

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4
Q

what type of tissue does osseous tissue have?

A
  • dense, supportive CT
  • around collagen fiber
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5
Q

what does osseous tissue produce?

A

Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits

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6
Q

organic components of bones

A
  • Cells
  • Collagen fibers
  • Ground substance
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7
Q

inorganic components of matrix

A

Primarily hydroxyapatite
-> Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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8
Q

Cells of Bone

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
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9
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in endosteum and periosteum

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10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

secrete osteroid

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11
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve matrix

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12
Q

compact bone vs spongy bone

A

compact:
* External surfaces of long and flat bones

spongy:
- trabeculae
- internal surface of bone

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13
Q

what is the basic unit in compact bone?

A

osteon

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14
Q

Osteocytes are arranged in _________ ___________, around a ________ ________ containing blood vessels

A

concentric lamellae; central canal

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15
Q

structure of compact bone

A
  • Circumferential Lamellae
  • Periosteum
  • Perforating fibers
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16
Q

which structure in compact bone is around long bone and bind osteon together?

A

Circumferential Lamellae

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17
Q

which structure is in the outside of compact bone, except joint capsules?

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

Perforating fibers

A

collagen

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19
Q

where can we find perforating fibers?

A
  • bone
  • periosteum
  • joint capsule
  • tendon/ligament
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20
Q

Endosteum

A

incomplete cellular layer

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21
Q

what structures are include in the endostenum?

A
  • Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
    1. Osteoblasts
    2. Osteoprogenitor cells
    3. Osteoclasts
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22
Q

how are bone classified by?

A
  • Shape
  • Internal tissue organization
  • Bone markings (surface features; marks)
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23
Q

6 bone shapes

A
  1. Sutural bones
  2. Irregular bones
  3. Short bones
  4. Flat bones
  5. Long bones
  6. Sesamoid bones
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24
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • metaphysis
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25
Q

which structure of long bone is a compact bone and have medullary cavity?

A

diaphysis

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26
Q

which structure of the long bone is a spongy bone?

A

epiphysis

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27
Q

where does diaphysis and epiphysis meet?

A

metaphysis

28
Q

what does spongy bone have?

A
  • no osteon
  • trabeculae
  • red bone marrow
29
Q

medullary cavity

A

have yellow marrow

30
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone formation

31
Q

Calcification

A

process of depositing calcium salts

32
Q

when does calcification occur?

A

during bone ossification and in other tissues

33
Q

ossification

A

process of replacing other tissues with bone

34
Q

Two main forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification
  2. Intramembranous ossification
35
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A
  • Ossifies bones that originates as cartilage
  • have 6 main steps
36
Q

Growth in length at epiphyseal plate (from Epiphyseal to Diaphyseal)

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcification
  5. Ossified bone
37
Q

Summary of bone development

A
  1. Cartilage model forms
  2. Bone collar forms
  3. 1° ossification center
  4. Medullary cavity
  5. 2° ossification center
  6. Growth continues
38
Q

what type of growth thicken and strengthen long bone?

A

appositional growth

39
Q

when does bone stop growing?

A

in your early 20’s

40
Q

how to determine someone is stop growing through x-ray picture?

A

Epiphyseal cartilage ossifies -> you cannot see it as epiphyseal line anymore

41
Q

other name for Intramembranous Ossification

A

dermal ossification

42
Q

which structure undergo intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull

43
Q

Three main steps intramembranous ossification

A
  • Mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts
  • Osteoblasts begin ossification
  • Spongy bone formation – remodeled
44
Q

3 ways of blood supply of mature bones

A
  1. Nutrient Artery and Vein
  2. Metaphyseal Vessels
  3. Periosteal Vessels
45
Q

which pathways supply blood for epiphyseal cartilage?

A

nutrient arteries and veins

46
Q

which vessel does bone growth occur?

A

metaphyseal vessels

47
Q

which pathways does blood supply to superficial osteons?

A

periosteal vessels

48
Q

which pathways is the is the secondary ossification centers during development?

A

periosteal vessels

49
Q

which cell types involve in bone remodeling?

A

-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
-osteocytes

50
Q

effect of exercise on bone

A
  • allow bone to acclimate
  • Stressed bones become stronger/denser
51
Q

Bone Degeneration

A

Up to one third of bone mass

52
Q

dietary source for bone growth

A

calcium and phosphate (in milk)

53
Q

hormone stimulate bone growth

A
  • calcitriol
  • growth hormone
  • thyroxine
54
Q

where does calcitriol synthesis in?

A

in kidneys

55
Q

what factor required for calcitriol?

A

vitamin D3

56
Q

which mineral stimulates osteoblast activity ?

A

vitamin A

57
Q

which mineral do the collagen synthesis/stimulation of
osteoblast differentiation ?

A

vitamin C

58
Q

which mineral help synthesize bone proteins?

A

vitamin K and B12

59
Q

what hormones are responsible for the sex differences in height?

A

Estrogens and androgens

60
Q

what hormones responsible for calcium (ion) homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

61
Q

Fractures

A

Cracks or breaks in bones

62
Q

Fractures are repaired in four steps

A
  1. Formation of clot
  2. Formation of callus
  3. Ossification of callus
  4. Remodeling (to original look)
63
Q

osteopenia

A

Bones become thinner and weaker with age (~30-40yrs old)

64
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Severe bone loss

65
Q

when does osteoporosis usually occur?

A

over age 45 -> usually more in women (during menopause)

Biol 348 Anatomy (25 decks)

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