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Biol 348 Anatomy > skeletal system p1 > Flashcards

skeletal system p1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Five Primary Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage
  3. Blood Cell Production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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2
Q

components of skeletal system

A

bone, associated cartilage, ligaments, and others CT

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3
Q

other name for bone tissue

A

osseous tissue

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4
Q

what type of tissue does osseous tissue have?

A
  • dense, supportive CT
  • around collagen fiber
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5
Q

what does osseous tissue produce?

A

Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits

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6
Q

organic components of bones

A
  • Cells
  • Collagen fibers
  • Ground substance
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7
Q

inorganic components of matrix

A

Primarily hydroxyapatite
-> Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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8
Q

Cells of Bone

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
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9
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in endosteum and periosteum

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10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

secrete osteroid

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11
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve matrix

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12
Q

compact bone vs spongy bone

A

compact:
* External surfaces of long and flat bones

spongy:
- trabeculae
- internal surface of bone

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13
Q

what is the basic unit in compact bone?

A

osteon

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14
Q

Osteocytes are arranged in _________ ___________, around a ________ ________ containing blood vessels

A

concentric lamellae; central canal

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15
Q

structure of compact bone

A
  • Circumferential Lamellae
  • Periosteum
  • Perforating fibers
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16
Q

which structure in compact bone is around long bone and bind osteon together?

A

Circumferential Lamellae

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17
Q

which structure is in the outside of compact bone, except joint capsules?

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

Perforating fibers

A

collagen

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19
Q

where can we find perforating fibers?

A
  • bone
  • periosteum
  • joint capsule
  • tendon/ligament
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20
Q

Endosteum

A

incomplete cellular layer

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21
Q

what structures are include in the endostenum?

A
  • Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
    1. Osteoblasts
    2. Osteoprogenitor cells
    3. Osteoclasts
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22
Q

how are bone classified by?

A
  • Shape
  • Internal tissue organization
  • Bone markings (surface features; marks)
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23
Q

6 bone shapes

A
  1. Sutural bones
  2. Irregular bones
  3. Short bones
  4. Flat bones
  5. Long bones
  6. Sesamoid bones
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24
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • metaphysis
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25
which structure of long bone is a compact bone and have medullary cavity?
diaphysis
26
which structure of the long bone is a spongy bone?
epiphysis
27
where does diaphysis and epiphysis meet?
metaphysis
28
what does spongy bone have?
- no osteon - trabeculae - red bone marrow
29
medullary cavity
have yellow marrow
30
osteogenesis
bone formation
31
Calcification
process of depositing calcium salts
32
when does calcification occur?
during bone ossification and in other tissues
33
ossification
process of replacing other tissues with bone
34
Two main forms of ossification
1. Endochondral ossification 2. Intramembranous ossification
35
Endochondral Ossification
- Ossifies bones that originates as cartilage - have 6 main steps
36
Growth in length at epiphyseal plate (from Epiphyseal to Diaphyseal)
1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferation 3. Zone of hypertrophy 4. Zone of calcification 5. Ossified bone
37
Summary of bone development
1. Cartilage model forms 2. Bone collar forms 3. 1° ossification center 4. Medullary cavity 5. 2° ossification center 6. Growth continues
38
what type of growth thicken and strengthen long bone?
appositional growth
39
when does bone stop growing?
in your early 20's
40
how to determine someone is stop growing through x-ray picture?
Epiphyseal cartilage ossifies -> you cannot see it as epiphyseal line anymore
41
other name for Intramembranous Ossification
dermal ossification
42
which structure undergo intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the skull
43
Three main steps intramembranous ossification
* Mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts * Osteoblasts begin ossification * Spongy bone formation – remodeled
44
3 ways of blood supply of mature bones
1. Nutrient Artery and Vein 2. Metaphyseal Vessels 3. Periosteal Vessels
45
which pathways supply blood for epiphyseal cartilage?
nutrient arteries and veins
46
which vessel does bone growth occur?
metaphyseal vessels
47
which pathways does blood supply to superficial osteons?
periosteal vessels
48
which pathways is the is the secondary ossification centers during development?
periosteal vessels
49
which cell types involve in bone remodeling?
-osteoblasts -osteoclasts -osteocytes
50
effect of exercise on bone
- allow bone to acclimate - Stressed bones become stronger/denser
51
Bone Degeneration
Up to one third of bone mass
52
dietary source for bone growth
calcium and phosphate (in milk)
53
hormone stimulate bone growth
- calcitriol - growth hormone - thyroxine
54
where does calcitriol synthesis in?
in kidneys
55
what factor required for calcitriol?
vitamin D3
56
which mineral stimulates osteoblast activity ?
vitamin A
57
which mineral do the collagen synthesis/stimulation of osteoblast differentiation ?
vitamin C
58
which mineral help synthesize bone proteins?
vitamin K and B12
59
what hormones are responsible for the sex differences in height?
Estrogens and androgens
60
what hormones responsible for calcium (ion) homeostasis?
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
61
Fractures
Cracks or breaks in bones
62
Fractures are repaired in four steps
1. Formation of clot 2. Formation of callus 3. Ossification of callus 4. Remodeling (to original look)
63
osteopenia
Bones become thinner and weaker with age (~30-40yrs old)
64
Osteoporosis
Severe bone loss
65
when does osteoporosis usually occur?
over age 45 -> usually more in women (during menopause)

Biol 348 Anatomy (25 decks)

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