endocrine (348) Flashcards
1
Q
- Endocrine glands
A. are ductless glands.
B. are the organs of the endocrine system.
C. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. D. help maintain homeostasis.
E. All of the choices are correct.
A
E. All of the
choices are correct.
2
Q
- Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?
A. Target cells have hormone
receptors
B. Slow reaction time
C. Long-lasting effects
D. Rapid, immediate recovery to
prestimulation state
E. Hormones are released into the bloodstream
A
D. Rapid, immediate recovery to
prestimulation state
3
Q
- Which endocrine gland is paired (meaning that there are two in the body)?
A. Pancreas
B. Thyroid
C. Pineal
D. Thymus
E. Adrenal
A
E. Adrenal
4
Q
- Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from
A. cholesterol.
B. glycerol.
C. amines.
D. polypeptides.
E. nucleic acids.
A
A. cholesterol.
5
Q
- Which hormones are formed from chains of amino acids?
A. Steroids
B. Proteins
C. Biogenic amines
D. Steroids and biogenic amines
E. Proteins and biogenic amines
A
B. Proteins
6
Q
- In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter
body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an
example of regulation by
A. endocrine dysplasia.
B. negative feedback.
C. positive feedback.
D. neural regulation.
E. somatic regulation.
A
B. negative feedback.
7
Q
- The “master control center” of the endocrine system is the
A. pituitary gland.
B. cerebral cortex.
C. spinal cord.
D. hypothalamus.
E. adrenal cortex.
A
D. hypothalamus.
8
Q
- The hypothalamus influences endocrine activity by
A. secreting regulatory hormones that
influence the anterior pituitary gland.
B. producing hormones that are stored in the posterior
pituitary gland.
C. overseeing the autonomic nervous system.
D. stimulating hormone
secretion by the adrenal medulla.
E. All of the choices are correct.
A
E. All of the choices are correct.
9
Q
- The secretion of ___________ by the anterior pituitary gland is not under the control of a
hypothalamic regulatory hormone.
A. growth hormone
B. prolactin
C. thyroid-stimulating
hormone
D. follicle-stimulating hormone
E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone
A
E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone
10
Q
- Where is the pituitary gland located?
A. Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
B. Between the cerebrum and cerebellum, inferior to the occipital lobe
C. On the posterior
surface of the thyroid gland
D. On the tracheal surface, inferior to the larynx
E. Within the third
ventricle of the brain
A
A. Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
11
Q
- The three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary are the
A. pars nervosa, pars distalis, and
pars intermedia.
B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis.
C. pars tuberalis, median eminence, and pars intermedia.
D. pars tuberalis, pars distalis, and pars nervosa.
E. pars intermedia, median eminence, and pars distalis.
A
B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis.
12
Q
- In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus
to the pituitary gland?
a: Primary plexus
b: Secondary plexus
c: Hypophyseal portal veins
A. a - b - c
B. a - c - b
C. c - a - b
D. b - a - c
E. c - b - a
A
B. a - c - b
13
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
A. The system includes two capillary plexuses.
B. The system carries venous blood.
C. The system is the circulatory connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
D. The system is drained by the anterior hypophyseal veins.
E. The system transports hypothalamic
hormones.
A
C. The system is the circulatory connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
14
Q
- Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary.
A. somatotropic
B. gonadotropic
C. thyrotropic
D. mammotropic
E. corticotropic
A
A. somatotropic
15
Q
- Which anterior pituitary hormone is secreted by cells in the pars intermedia?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone
B. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
C. Prolactin
D. Luteinizing hormone
E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
A
B. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
16
Q
- Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?
A. Prolactin and oxytocin
B. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
E. Thyroid-stimulating
hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
17
Q
- Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?
A. GH affects most body cells.
B. GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis.
C. GH is also known as somatotropin.
D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.
E. GH is a tropic hormone.
A
D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.
18
Q
- Where are the target cells for antidiuretic hormone?
A. Adrenal cortex and thyroid gland
B. Kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls
C. Ovaries and testes
D. Smooth muscle of urinary bladder
E. Smooth muscle of male reproductive tract
A
B. Kidney tubules and smooth muscle of arteriole walls
19
Q
- Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause
A. Graves disease.
B. acromegaly.
C. pituitary gigantism.
D. pituitary dwarfism.
E. Cushing syndrome.
A
B. acromegaly.
20
Q
- The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes ______ different hormones, while the
posterior pituitary stores and secretes only ______ different hormones.
A. 9; 5
B. 6; 4
C. 7; 2
D. 8; 3
E. 8; 4
A
C. 7; 2
21
Q
- Which is not a tropic hormone?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone
E. Prolactin
A
B. Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
22
Q
- Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?
A. Thyroid follicles
B. Ovaries and testes
C. Mammary glands
D. Uterus
E. Hair follicles
A
B. Ovaries and testes
23
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the posterior pituitary?
A. It is derived from nervous tissue
B. It is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
C. It is composed of the pars intermedia and the infundibular stalk
D. It stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
E. It releases its hormones in response to nervous stimulation
A
C. It is composed of the pars intermedia and the infundibular stalk
24
Q
- Which hormone induces ovulation?
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Prolactin
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
D. Growth hormone
E. Oxytocin
A
A. Luteinizing hormone
25
Q
- Oxytocin
A. is produced and secreted by cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
B. is produced only in females.
C. secretion is regulated by a negative
feedback loop.
D. stimulates ejection of milk from the breasts.
E. All of the choices are
correct.
A
D. stimulates ejection of milk from the breasts.
26
Q
- Which is not true about the thyroid gland?
A. It requires iodine to synthesize thyroid
hormone.
B. It is located on the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage.
C. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.
D. It secretes thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by TSH.
E. An enlargement of the thyroid gland is
called a goiter.
A
C. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.
27
Q
- Which of these hormone pairs have antagonistic (opposite) effects?
A. Calcitonin and
parathyroid hormone
B. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
C. Oxytocin and follicle-stimulating
hormone
D. Melatonin and insulin
E. Antidiuretic hormone and growth hormone
A
A. Calcitonin and
parathyroid hormone
28
Q
- Which is not a correct association of an endocrine gland with a hormone it secretes?
A. Pancreas - glucagon
B. Adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids
C. Anterior lobe of the pituitary -
melatonin
D. Adrenal medulla - epinephrine
E. Thyroid gland - calcitonin
A
C. Anterior lobe of the pituitary -
melatonin
29
Q
- Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the
follicular cells.
A. colloid
B. thyroxine
C. triiodothyronine
D. thyroglobulin
E. tetraiodothyronine
A
D. thyroglobulin
30
Q
- Which is not involved in the feedback loop regulation of thyroid hormone secretion?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thyroid stimulating hormone
C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
D. Parafollicular cells
E. Thyrotropic cells
A
D. Parafollicular cells
31
Q
- Which hormone stimulates processes that decrease the concentration of calcium ions in the
blood? A. Parathyroid hormone B. Thyroid hormone C. Thymosin D. Calcitonin
E. Thyroglobulin
A
D. Calcitonin
32
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the parathyroid glands?
A. There are usually four
parathyroid glands in the human body.
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by chief
cells.
C. The parathyroid glands are embedded in the anterior surface of the thyroid gland.
D. Each parathyroid gland is composed of chief cells and oxyphil cells.
E. The glands secrete
parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels.
A
C. The parathyroid glands are embedded in the anterior surface of the thyroid gland.
33
Q
- Which are target organs for parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A. Bone and muscle
B. Stomach
and large intestine
C. Heart and liver
D. Bone and kidney
E. Skin and thyroid gland
A
D. Bone and kidney
34
Q
- You are “shadowing” an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of
weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient’s obvious
exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient’s problem?
A. Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone
B. Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
C. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone
D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
E. Hyposecretion of calcitonin
A
D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
35
Q
- The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
A. thyroid hormone.
B. adrenocorticotropic hormone.
C. oxytocin.
D. antidiuretic hormone.
E. luteinizing
hormone.
A
B. adrenocorticotropic hormone.
36
Q
- Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
A. Corticosteroids
B.Glucocorticoids
C. Mineralocorticoids
D. Gonadocorticoids
E. All of the choices are correct.
A
E. All of the choices are correct.
37
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the adrenal cortex?
A. The adrenal cortex synthesizes
over 25 different steroid hormones.
B. Its yellow color is due to the presence of stored lipids.
C. It consists of four different layers, or zones.
D. Each zone of the adrenal cortex synthesizes
a different group of hormones.
E. Corticosteroid synthesis is controlled by the anterior pituitary.
A
C. It consists of four different layers, or zones.
38
Q
- Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?
A. Zona reticularis
B. Zona glucosa
C. Zona papillarosa
D. Zona fasciculata
E. Zona glomerulosa
A
D. Zona fasciculata
39
Q
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by
A. chromaffin cells.
B. oxyphil cells.
C. chief cells.
D. C cells.
E. gamma cells.
A
A. chromaffin cells.
40
Q
- What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?
A. Regulate glucose levels in the blood
B. Act as secondary sex hormones
C. Stimulate metabolism of
lipids
D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids
E. Stimulate metabolism of proteins
A
D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids
41
Q
- The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is
characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce the features known as “moon face” and
“buffalo hump”.
A. Cushing syndrome
B. Addison disease
C. androgenital syndrome
D. pheochromocytoma
E. Graves disease
A
A. Cushing syndrome
42
Q
- Which is not a glucocorticoid?
A. Hydrocortisone
B. Cortisol
C. Corticosterone
D. Aldosterone
E. All of the choices are correct.
A
D. Aldosterone
43
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the adrenal medulla?
A. It is derived from embryonic
neural crest cells.
B. It is red-brown in color due to its extensive vascularization.
C. It consists of clusters of cells called oxyphil cells.
D. It secretes the hormones epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
E. Its cells are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons.
A
C. It consists of clusters of cells called oxyphil cells.
44
Q
- The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by
A. adrenocorticotropic hormone.
B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
C. follicle-stimulating hormone.
D. growth hormone.
E. thyrotropic hormone.
A
B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
45
Q
- What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A. Regulate blood calcium levels
B. Stimulate synthesis of glycogen for long-term energy reserves
C. Regulate blood volume
and blood pressure
D. Prepare the body for emergency situations and prolong fight-or-flight response
E. Block target cell receptors to prevent binding of secondary hormones
A
D. Prepare the body for emergency situations and prolong fight-or-flight response
46
Q
- Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose
levels?
A. Pancreatic polypeptide
B. Somatostatin
C. Glucagon
D. Insulin
E. Somatotropin
A
D. Insulin
47
Q
- Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets?
A. Alpha cell
B. Delta cell
C. Beta cell
D. F cell
E. C cell
A
E. C cell
48
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the pancreas?
A. It is located posterior to the stomach,
between the small intestine and the spleen.
B. It is a heterocrine, or mixed, gland.
C. It is elongated in shape, spongy, and nodular.
D. The majority of cells in the pancreas are
pancreatic acini.
E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.
A
E. It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty.
49
Q
- In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces
A. white blood cells.
B. sodium chloride.
C. pancreatic juice.
D. endorphins.
E. prostaglandins.
A
C. pancreatic juice.
50
Q
- The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the
liver is
A. insulin.
B. glucagon.
C. glucocorticoid.
D. somatostatin.
E. epinephrine.
A
B. glucagon.
51
Q
- Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Somatostatin
D. Pancreatic polypeptide
E. Pancreatic lipase
A
A. Insulin
52
Q
- Digestion of ________ in the digestive tract stimulates the release of pancreatic polypeptide
by the pancreatic islets.
A. fat
B. carbohydrate
C. mineral
D. vitamins
E. protein
A
E. protein
53
Q
- Somatostatin is also known as
A. somatotropin.
B. growth hormone-releasing hormone.
C. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
D. thyrotropin.
E. erythropoietin.
A
C. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
54
Q
- The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in
the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.
A. Type 2 diabetes
B. gestational diabetes
C. beta cell diabetes
D. insulin-independent diabetes mellitus
E. Type 1 diabetes
A
E. Type 1 diabetes
55
Q
- Which endocrine gland is small, cone-shaped, and attached to the posterior region of the
epithalamus?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thymus gland
C. Pancreas
D. Pineal gland
E. Pituitary gland
A
D. Pineal gland
56
Q
- Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? A. Melatonin B. Insulin C. Melanin
D. Cortisol E. Oxytocin
A
A. Melatonin
57
Q
- The secretory cells of the pineal gland are called
A. melanocytes.
B. pinealocytes.
C. beta cells.
D. chief cells.
E. principal cells.
A
B. pinealocytes.
58
Q
- The thymus gland is located within the mediastinum, ________ to the heart and _______ to
the sternum.
A. inferior; anterior
B. posterior; inferior
C. superior; posterior
D. superior; anterior
E. inferior; posterior
A
C. superior; posterior
59
Q
- The hormones secreted by the thymus gland are
A. thymopoietin and thymosins.
B. thymotropin and thymostatin.
C. thymopoietin and thymotropin.
D. thymostatin and thymosins.
E. thymopoietin and thymostatin.
A
A. thymopoietin and thymosins.
60
Q
- Hormones secreted by the thymus gland influence the differentiation, growth, and
maturation of
A. erythrocytes.
B. T lymphocytes.
C. osteocytes.
D. muscle fibers.
E.neurons.
A
B. T lymphocytes.
61
Q
- Which is not secreted by the kidneys?
A. Renin
B. Calcitriol
C. Erythropoietin
D.Inhibin
E. All of the choices are correct.
A
D.Inhibin
62
Q
- Which hormone is secreted by modified cells in the heart wall in response to high blood
volume or pressure?
A. Renin
B. Angiotensin I
C. Angiotensin II
D. Atriopeptin
E. Erythropoietin
A
D. Atriopeptin
63
Q
- When the oxygen content of the blood becomes too low, the ________ releases _______ to
stimulate red blood cell production.
A. pituitary gland; follicle-stimulating hormone
B. kidney; erythropoietin
C. thyroid gland; thyroxine
D. stomach; gastrin
E. pancreas; insulin
A
B. kidney; erythropoietin
64
Q
- The primary androgen released by the testes is A. estrogen.
B. inhibin.
C. progesterone.
D. testosterone.
E. follicle-stimulating hormone.
A
D. testosterone.
65
Q
- How does aging affect the endocrine system?
A. Secretory activity of endocrine glands
decreases.
B. Normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones,
often decrease.
C. Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions.
D. Endocrine
system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss.
E. All of the choices are correct.
A
E. All of the choices are correct.
66
Q
- Which is not correct regarding the development of the endocrine system?
A. The adrenal
medulla develops from neural crest cells.
B. The hypophyseal pouch and neurohypophyseal
bud combine to form the pituitary gland.
C. The thyroid gland becomes functional by weeks 1012 of development.
D. The thyroid gland initially forms as a mass that is part of the developing tongue.
E. The adrenal cortex has portions derived from all three embryonic germ layers.
A
E. The adrenal cortex has portions derived from all three embryonic germ layers.
67
Q
- This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback
loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What hormones are represented by
the small boxes labeled a, b, and c?
A. a = TSH, b = TRH, c = TH
B. a = TIH, b = TSH, c =TH
C. a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TIH
D. a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH
E. a = TSH, b = TH, c =TRH
A
D. a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH
68
Q
- This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback
loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What endocrine glands are
indicated by the letters d and e?
A. d = hypothalamus, e = posterior pituitary
B. d = thalamus, e = anterior pituitary
C. d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary
D. d = hypothalamus, e =thyroid gland
E. d = thalamus, e = posterior pituitary
A
C. d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary
69
Q
- This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback
loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. Which could be the initial stimulus
for this pattern of regulation?
A. High blood calcium level
B. Low body temperature
C. Low blood sugar level
D. High WBC (white blood cell) count
E. Low RBC (red blood cell) count
A
B. Low body temperature
