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Biol 348 Anatomy > lymphatic > Flashcards

lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?
    A. Transports dietary lipids
    B. Returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
    C. Houses and develops lymphocytes
    D. Generates immune responses
    E. No exceptions; all choices are functions of the lymphatic system.
A

E. No exceptions; all choices are functions of the lymphatic system.

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2
Q
  1. Which are components of the lymphatic system?
    a: Thyroid gland
    b: Spleen
    c: Red bone marrow
    d: Thymus gland
    e: Lymph nodes
    f: Tonsils
    A. a, b, c, d, e, f
    B. a, b, c, e, f
    C. b, c, e
    D. b, c, d, e, f
    E. b, c, d, e
A

D. b, c, d, e, f

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3
Q
  1. A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response. Which is not part of the process?
    A. Production of antibodies
    B. Direct attack and destruction of foreign or abnormal agents
    C. Replication of antigens
    D. Formation of memory cells
    E. No exceptions; all choices are part of the immune response.
A

C. Replication of antigens

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4
Q
  1. The composition of lymph is most similar to
    A. whole blood.
    B. blood plasma.
    C. interstitial fluid.
    D. extracellular fluid.
    E. intracellular fluid.
A

C. interstitial fluid.

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5
Q
  1. Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the
    correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?
    A. Capillaries - ducts - trunks - vessels
    B. Ducts - capillaries - vessels - trunks
    C. Vessels - capillaries - trunks - ducts
    D. Ducts - vessels - capillaries - trunks
    E. Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts
A

E. Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

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6
Q
  1. Lymph
    A. is found only when there is a pathological condition that allows it to leak from capillaries.
    B. is excess interstitial fluid.
    C. is filtered by the spleen.
    D. is synthesized by the lymphoid organs.
    E. All of the choices are correct.
A

B. is excess interstitial fluid.

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7
Q
  1. Lymphatic capillaries originate in the
    A. central nervous system.
    B. red bone marrow.
    C. yellow bone marrow.
    D. tissue spaces between cells.
    E. cisterna chyli.
A

D. tissue spaces between cells.

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8
Q
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
    A. are open at both ends.
    B. are smaller in diameter than blood capillaries.
    C. have wide gaps between endothelial cells.
    D. lack a basement membrane.
    E. are abundant in epithelial tissues.
A

D. lack a basement membrane.

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9
Q
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
    A. cannot be discerned structurally from cardiovascular system capillaries.
    B. originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.
    C. filter lymph.
    D. concentrate lymph prior to passing it to larger lymphatic vessels.
    E. include layers of smooth muscle for peristalsis.
A

B. originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

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10
Q
  1. A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)
    A. cisterna chyli.
    B. lacteal.
    C. afferent lymphatic vessel.
    D. trabeculum.
    E. efferent lymphatic vessel.
A

B. lacteal.

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11
Q
  1. Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries
    A. by diffusion.
    B. through gated channels in response to changes in ion balance.
    C. by pinocytosis.
    D. by phagocytosis.
    E. through one-way flaps.
A

E. through one-way flaps.

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12
Q
  1. Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally
    resemble
    A. veins.
    B. arterioles.
    C. venules.
    D. arteries
    E. All of the choices are correct.
A

A. veins.

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13
Q
  1. Of the lymphatic trunks, which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?
    A. Jugular trunks
    B. Subclavian trunks
    C. Bronchomediastinal trunks
    D. Intestinal trunks
    E. Lumbar trunks
A

C. Bronchomediastinal trunks

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14
Q
  1. Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?
    A. Intestinal trunks
    B. Lumbar trunks
    C. Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
    D. Subclavian trunks and jugular trunks
    E. Bronchomediastinal trunks and intestinal trunks
A

C. Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

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15
Q
  1. Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?
    A. Right side of abdomen
    B. Right side of thorax
    C. Right side of head and neck
    D. Right shoulder
    E. Right arm
A

A. Right side of abdomen

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16
Q
  1. The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the
    A. abdomen.
    B. left leg.
    C. right arm.
    D. right foot.
    E. left shoulder.
A

C. right arm.

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17
Q
  1. The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the
    A. superior vena cava.
    B. subclavian veins.
    C. inferior vena cava.
    D. azygos vein.
    E. brachiocephalic veins.
A

B. subclavian veins.

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18
Q
  1. Which would be the route taken by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg to the
    bloodstream?
    A. Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - right subclavian vein
    B. Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein
    C. Right lumbar trunk - right intestinal trunk - right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein
    D. Right femoral trunk - right lumbar trunk - right lymphatic duct - superior vena cava
    E. Right femoral trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein
A

B. Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

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19
Q
  1. Which is not a type of lymphatic cell?
    A. Macrophage
    B. Nurse cell
    C. Dendritic cell
    D. Lymphocyte
    E. Astrocyte
A

E. Astrocyte

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20
Q
  1. Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as
    A. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
    B. CD8+ cells.
    C. CD4+ cells.
    D. T8 cells.
    E. memory T-lymphocytes.
A

C. CD4+ cells.

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21
Q
  1. The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to
    A. initiate and oversee the immune response.
    B. turn off the immune response once it has been activated.
    C. secrete toxins to kill or disable pathogens.
    D. trigger cell death by disrupting metabolic activities.
    E. All of the choices are correct.
A

A. initiate and oversee the immune response.

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22
Q
  1. Once a helper T-lymphocyte recognizes an antigen, it begins the immune response by secreting
    chemical signals called
    A. antibodies.
    B. immunoglobulins.
    C. memory B-lymphocytes.
    D. memory T-lymphocytes.
    E. cytokines.
A

E. cytokines.

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23
Q
  1. What is the function of a lymphocyte’s coreceptors?
    A. Recognize particular antigens
    B. Produce antibodies
    C. Initiate mitosis to generate memory lymphocytes
    D. Monitor pH of interstitial fluids
    E. Bind to other lymphocytes to attack pathogens
A

A. Recognize particular antigens

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24
Q
  1. Which type of lymphocyte responds to multiple antigens?
    A. Memory B-lymphocyte
    B. Memory T-lymphocyte
    C. Natural killer cell
    D. Plasma cell
    E. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
A

C. Natural killer cell

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25
Q
  1. Which type of lymphocyte produces and secretes antibodies?
    A. Memory B-lymphocyte
    B. Memory T-lymphocyte
    C. Natural killer cell
    D. Plasma cell
    E. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
A

D. Plasma cell

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26
Q
  1. Which is not a type of T-lymphocyte?
    A. Helper T-lymphocyte
    B. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
    C. Memory T-lymphocyte
    D. Plasma T-lymphocyte
    E. Suppressor T-lymphocyte
A

D. Plasma T-lymphocyte

27
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding B-lymphocytes?
    A. They must be activated by helper T-lymphocytes, which present antigens to them.
    B. Activated B-lymphocytes transform into plasma cells, memory B-lymphocytes, or NK cells.
    C. Memory B-lymphocytes may live for months or even years.
    D. B-lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins.
    E. Each B-lymphocyte responds to one particular antigen.
A

B. Activated B-lymphocytes transform into plasma cells, memory B-lymphocytes, or NK cells.

28
Q
  1. What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?
    A. IgA, IgC, IgE, IgG, IgI
    B. IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgS
    C. IgB, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
    D. IgA, IgB, IgC, IgD, IgE
    E. IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
A

E. IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

29
Q
  1. Where do T-lymphocytes develop immunocompetence?
    A. Spleen
    B. Red bone marrow
    C. Lymph nodes
    D. Thymus gland
    E. Blood
A

D. Thymus gland

30
Q
  1. Where do B-lymphocytes develop immunocompetence?
    A. Spleen
    B. Red bone marrow
    C. Lymph nodes
    D. Thymus gland
    E. Blood
A

B. Red bone marrow

31
Q
  1. Lymphoid stem cells mature into
    A. B-lymphocytes.
    B. T-lymphocytes.
    C. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
    D. B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and NK cells.
    E. B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and monocytes.
A

D. B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and NK cells.

32
Q
  1. Which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
    A. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
    B. Memory B-lymphocyte
    C. Helper T-lymphocyte
    D. Natural killer cell
    E. Plasma cell
A

C. Helper T-lymphocyte

33
Q
  1. The primary goal of the immune response is
    A. destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.
    B. maintenance of the proper ionic balance between lymph and blood.
    C. stimulation of mitotic activity in order to replace cells damaged by infection.
    D. reduction of the number of circulating memory lymphocytes.
    E. removal of antibodies from lymph and lymphatic organs.
A

A. destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.

34
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding lymphatic nodules?
    A. The central portion of a lymphatic nodule is called the germinal center.
    B. The tonsils are clusters of lymphatic nodules.
    C. The cells and matrix of a lymphatic nodule are enclosed within a thick connective tissue capsule.
    D. B-lymphocytes are located at the center of a nodule, whereas T-lymphocytes lie outside the center.
    E. Lymphatic nodules filter and attack antigens.
A

C. The cells and matrix of a lymphatic nodule are enclosed within a thick connective tissue capsule.

35
Q
  1. With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?
    A. Membrane-adhering lymphatic T-cells
    B. Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
    C. Multiple-antigen lymphocyte target
    D. Multiple-antibody lymphocyte test
    E. None of the choices is correct.
A

B. Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

36
Q
  1. Which area does not contain MALT?
    A. Urinary tract
    B. Respiratory tract
    C. Genital tract
    D. Gastrointestinal tract
    E. None of the choices is correct.
A

E. None of the choices is correct.

37
Q
  1. Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the
    A. urinary bladder.
    B. stomach.
    C. vagina.
    D. small intestine.
    E. trachea.
A

D. small intestine.

38
Q
  1. Tonsils have multiple germinal centers and invaginated outer edges called _______ that help trap
    material.
    A. crypts
    B. trabeculae
    C. sinuses
    D. clefts
    E. fissures
A

A. crypts

39
Q
  1. Which are not tonsils?
    A. Adenoids
    B. Palatine tonsils
    C. Pharyngeal tonsils
    D. Lingual tonsils
    E. Palatoglossal tonsils
A

E. Palatoglossal tonsils

40
Q
  1. The pharyngeal tonsils are located
    A. along the posterior margins of the tongue.
    B. in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
    C. at the base of the palatoglossal arches.
    D. in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity.
    E. lateral to the uvula in the oropharynx.
A

B. in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

41
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding the thymus gland?
    A. It is a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum.
    B. It is fully encapsulated by connective tissue.
    C. Each thymic lobe is subdivided into lobules.
    D. It reaches its maximum size at puberty, then regresses.
    E. Its thymic corpuscles are the site of T-lymphocyte maturation.
A

E. Its thymic corpuscles are the site of T-lymphocyte maturation.

42
Q
  1. What is the function of nurse cells in the thymus gland?
    A. Nourish developing T-lymphocytes
    B. Transport mature T-lymphocytes to the bloodstream
    C. Secrete thymic hormones
    D. Destroy moribund T-lymphocytes
    E. Transform helper T-lymphocytes into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
A

C. Secrete thymic hormones

43
Q
  1. T-lymphocytes in the thymus gland do not participate in the immune response and are protected from
    antigens by
    A. the blood-thymus barrier.
    B. thymic macrophages.
    C. the low pH of the thymus gland.
    D. circulating B-lymphocytes.
    E. trabecular fibers.
A

A. the blood-thymus barrier.

44
Q
  1. When is the thymus gland most active?
    A. From ages 25-45 years
    B. From childhood to puberty
    C. From puberty to adulthood
    D. From ages 45-65 years
    E. From age 65 years until death
A

B. From childhood to puberty

45
Q
  1. Thymic hormones
    A. are secreted in response to stimulation by activating hormones from the pituitary gland.
    B. stimulate T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation.
    C. are produced by the cortical lymphocytes.
    D. are stored in thymic corpuscles prior to release.
    E. stimulate the activity of nurse cells.
A

B. stimulate T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation.

46
Q
  1. Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of
    lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?
    A. Inguinal lymph nodes
    B. Cervical lymph nodes
    C. Thoracic lymph nodes
    D. Axillary lymph nodes
    E. Abdominal lymph nodes
A

B. Cervical lymph nodes

47
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?
    A. They contain strands of lymphatic cells supported by medullary cords.
    B. They are drained by afferent lymphatic vessels.
    C. They contain phagocytic cells.
    D. They filter lymph.
    E. None of the choices is correct.
A

B. They are drained by afferent lymphatic vessels.

48
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?
    A. They are covered by a connective tissue capsule.
    B. They contain a network of lymphatic sinuses.
    C. Each node has an outer cortex and inner medulla.
    D. Connective tissue bands called tendineae divide nodes.
    E. Lymphatic nodules produce lymphocytes.
A

D. Connective tissue bands called tendineae divide nodes.

49
Q
  1. Lymph nodes
    A. filter lymph.
    B. contain a network of collagen fibers.
    C. serve as auxiliary exchange surfaces for respiratory gases.
    D. filter blood.
    E. All of the choices are correct.
A

A. filter lymph.

50
Q
  1. What is the function of dendritic cells within lymph nodes?
    A. They initiate replication of macrophages.
    B. They conduct signals between activated T-lymphocytes to accelerate the immune response.
    C. They collect antigens and present them to T-lymphocytes.
    D. They secrete lymphatic hormones to stimulate adjacent lymph nodes.
    E. They absorb fluid when infected, causing the lymph nodes to swell and become tender to the touch.
A

C. They collect antigens and present them to T-lymphocytes.

51
Q
  1. When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the
    axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?
    A. In removing the breast, the blood supply to the nodes is removed and they will inevitably cease to
    function.
    B. The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.
    C. The nerves that supply the axillary lymph nodes are often cut during the breast surgery.
    D. It is impossible to remove the breast without physically damaging the lymph nodes.
    E. With the removal of the breast, there is no further need for lymph drainage and filtering in that part of
    the body.
A

B. The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.

52
Q
  1. Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?
    A. Thymus gland and lymph nodes
    B. Spleen and lymph nodes
    C. Lymph nodes
    D. Spleen
    E. Thymus gland
A

D. Spleen

53
Q
  1. Which is not a function of the spleen?
    A. Serves as blood reservoir
    B. Filters blood
    C. Filters lymph
    D. Recycles aged erythrocytes
    E. Houses lymphocytes
A

C. Filters lymph

54
Q
  1. In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?
    A. Left upper quadrant
    B. Right upper quadrant
    C. Left lower quadrant
    D. Right lower quadrant
    E. None of these choices is correct.
A

A. Left upper quadrant

55
Q
  1. The anteromedial border of the spleen
    A. is concave.
    B. contains the hilum.
    C. is also called the visceral surface.
    D. is where the splenic artery enters.
    E. All of the choices are correct.
A

E. All of the choices are correct.

56
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding the spleen?
    A. It has an outer cortex and inner medulla.
    B. It is divided into sections by capsular extensions called trabeculae.
    C. Its white pulp consists of lymphatic cells.
    D. It stores erythrocytes.
    E. Its blood is supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein.
A

A. It has an outer cortex and inner medulla.

57
Q
  1. Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called _________, which have a
    discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.
    A. splenic cords
    B. trabecular vessels
    C. splenic vessels
    D. splenic sinusoids
    E. trabecular cordsD. splenic sinusoids
A

D. splenic sinusoids

58
Q
  1. Which is not correct regarding the white pulp of the spleen?
    A. Its cells include T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.
    B. Its cells are arranged in clusters that are circular in shape.
    C. Its cells can initiate the immune response.
    D. It serves as a blood reservoir.
    E. Each cluster of white pulp is surrounded by red pulp.D. It serves as a blood reservoir.
A

D. It serves as a blood reservoir.

59
Q
  1. With advancing age, the lymphatic system
    A. becomes less efficient at absorbing dietary lipids.
    B. ceases to transport lymph.
    C. produces an increasing number and variety of B-lymphocytes.
    D. is less responsive to antigens.
    E. All of the choices are correct.
A

D. is less responsive to antigens.

60
Q
  1. Which are not among the primary lymph sacs that form during the sixth week of development?
    A. Jugular lymph sacs
    B. Anterior lymph sacs
    C. Retroperitoneal lymph sac
    D. Cisterna chyli
    E. Posterior lymph sacs
A

B. Anterior lymph sacs

61
Q
  1. The primary lymph sacs eventually develop into the
    A. lymph nodes.
    B. spleen.
    C. spleen and thymus gland.
    D. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
    E. tonsils and MALT.
A

A. lymph nodes.

62
Q
  1. Which lymphatic structures form from the pharyngeal pouches?
    A. Palatine tonsils
    B. Lingual tonsils
    C. Thymus gland
    D. Palatine tonsils and thymus gland
    E. Palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils
A

D. Palatine tonsils and thymus gland

63
Q
  1. Developmentally, the spleen forms from
    A. ectoderm.
    B. mesoderm.
    C. endoderm.
    D. aggregations of lymphatic cells.
    E. MALT.
A

B. mesoderm.

Biol 348 Anatomy (25 decks)

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