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Z Old Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
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A
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2
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Tissues

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Groups of cells with similar structure and function, vary in content of extracellular matrix

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3
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Extracellular Matrix

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Substance(s) produced by cells of a specific tissue, located on the outside of the cells, may contain protein fibers, salts, water, macromolecules

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4
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Four Primary Tissue Types

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Epithelial (covering), Connective (support), Muscle (movement), Nervous (control)

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

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  • Lines the inside and outside of body surfaces, cavities and organs.
  • Glands mostly derived from it
  • Little/no ECM
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6
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Functions of Epithelium

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  • protection
  • absorption, secretion, ion transport
  • filtration
  • forms slippery surfaces
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7
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Characteristics of Epithelia

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  • cells fit closely (“cellularity”)
  • polarity (“apical” and “basal” surface w/ diff functions)
  • junctions on lateral surfaces
  • supported by connective tissue
  • avascular
  • innervated
  • regenerate regularly
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8
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Apical Surface

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“top” of cell, part of cell on cavity/lumen side, sometimes has cilia or microvilli

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9
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Basal Surface

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“bottom” of cell, in contact with basement membrane

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Lateral Surface

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“sides” of cell, contain cell junctions (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions)

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11
Q

Microvilli

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Folded membrane extensions for increasing of surface area in absorptive cells (ex: small intestine)

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12
Q

Cilia

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cytoskeletal “hairs” used for movement (ex: respiratory epithelia moving mucus out of lungs)

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13
Q

Tight Junction

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  • closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid
  • like “strips of velcro”
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14
Q

Desmosomes

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  • structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion
  • localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes
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15
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Gap Junction

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directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells

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16
Q

Basal Lamina

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non-cellular, avascular layer of fibrils & glycoproteins secreted by epithelia on their basal side to act as a selective filter

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17
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Basement Membrane

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  • thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium
  • is the fusion of two lamina, the basal lamina and the reticular lamina
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18
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Reticular Lamina

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Connective tissue that makes up part of the basement membrane

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19
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Epithelium Nomenclature

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  • “first name” indicates number of cell layers (simple = one, stratified = more than one)
  • “last name” describes shape of cells (squamous = wider than tall, cuboidal = cube, columnar = taller than wide)
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20
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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  • one layer of flat cells with disc-like nuclei that bulge out slightly like an egg yolk
  • Function: material transport via diffusion/filtration, secretion of lubricating substances
  • Location: kidney glomeruli; alveoli, lining of heart, blood and lymph vessels, lining of ventral body cavities
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21
Q

Endothelium

A
  • certain kind of simple squamous epithelium
  • smooth lining to hollow heart, blood and lymph vessels
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22
Q

Mesothelium

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  • lines peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities (parietal)
  • covers visceral organs (visceral)
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23
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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  • single layer, cube-like cells w/ large spherical central nuclei
  • Function: secretion, absorption
  • Location: Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
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24
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Simple Columnar Epithelium

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  • Single layer, column-shaped cells with oval nuclei toward the basal end
  • may contain goblet cells
  • Function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc.
  • Location: (non-ciliated) digestive tract, gall bladder (ciliated) small bronchi, uterine tubes, parts of uterus
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25
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Goblet cells

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simple columnar epithelial cells that line the intestines, respiratory tract and secrete mucus

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26
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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  • single layer, cells of different heights
  • false layered appearance
  • may be ciliated
  • Function: absorption, secretion, propulsion of mucus by cilia
  • Location: (non-ciliated) ducts of large glands, sperm ducts, (ciliated) trachea, upper respiratory tract
27
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Stratified Epithelia

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  • 2+ layers
  • named according to shape of apical layer cells
  • regenerate from below
  • mostly for protection
28
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Stratified Squamous Epithelia

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  • deeper layers cuboidal or columnar
  • Function: protects underlying tissues from abrasion
  • Keratinized or non-Keratinized
  • Location: (non-keratin) moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina (keratin) epidermis
29
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Keratin

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  • Keratin is a fibrous structural protein that forms epidermis, hair, nails
  • Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia have no nuclei to their apical layer because the cells are dead
30
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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  • usually 2 layers
  • Function: protection
  • Location: large sweat gland ducts, mammary and salivary gland ducts
31
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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  • rare
  • Function: protection, secretion
  • Location: male urethra, large ducts of some glands
32
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Transitional Epithelium

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  • cells change shape, allows for stretching
  • Basal cells cuboidal/columnar, Apical cells dome-shaped/squamous
  • Function: permits distension of bladder, forms barrier for urine
  • Location: lines ureters, bladder, part of urethra
33
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Gland

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one or more cells that secrete a particular product

34
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Endocrine Gland

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  • lacks ducts
  • secretes hormones directed at certain organs (“target” organs)
  • use cardiovascular system to transport its products
35
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Exocrine Gland

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  • empties through ducts to epithelial surface
  • includes sweat/oil glands, mucus glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
36
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Unicellular Exocrine Glands

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  • located within epithelium
  • ex: goblet cell (secrets “mucin” which mixes w/ water to form mucus)
37
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Multicellular Exocrine Glands

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  • formed by invagination of epithelium
  • made up of a “duct” lined by epithelium and a “secretory unit” lined by secretory epithelium
  • 1 name for duct structure, 1 for secretory unit
  • ducts are either “simple” or “compound” (unbranched or branched)
  • secretory units are “tubular” or “alveolar(/acinar)” or “tubuloalveolar” (some of both)
38
Q

Connective Tissue

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  • most abundant tissue type
  • underlies epithelium
  • mostly well-vascularized (except tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
  • fewer cells
  • much more ECM
39
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Connective Tissue ECM

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  • Ground Substance is polysaccharides, glycoproteins which hold tissue fluid and varies from soft, gel-like to hard, calcified
  • Fibers: “collagen” for strength, “elastic” for stretch, “reticular” for delicacy
40
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Loose Connective Tissue

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  • 3 types: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
  • Functions: support and binding of tissues (3 fiber types), holds tissue fluids (ground substance), stores nutrients (adipocytes), defends against infection
41
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Defense Cells

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  • Macrophages (phagocytosis)
  • Plasma Cells (antibody secretions)
  • Mast Cells (inflammation)
  • WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes)
42
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Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose)

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  • most widely distributed (loose)
  • contains all 3 fibers
  • Fibroblasts are the resident cells, various defense cells too
  • Function: wraps and cushions organs, phagocytosis, inflammation, hold tissue fluid
  • Location: under epithelia, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
43
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose)

A
  • cells contain large lipid deposits w/ nuclei pushed to edge
  • Function: insulation, protection, fuel storage
  • Location: under skin, around kidneys/eyes, in abdomen/breasts
  • resident cell is known as an Adipocyte
44
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

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  • smaller cells than regular adipose w/ numerous small fat droplets
  • vascularized
  • generate heat
  • have many mitochondria
45
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Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose)

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  • delicate fiber network
  • Function: internal support of lymphoid organs, supports immune cells, allows for expansion/contraction
  • Location: Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes
46
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Dense Connective Tissue

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  • ECM is mostly collagen fibers
  • resident cells are Fibroblasts
  • 3 types: Irregular, Regular, Elastic
47
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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  • irregularly arranged collagen, some elastic fibers
  • Function: withstand multi-directional tension, structural support
  • Location: dermis, digestive submucosa, fibrous joint/organ capsules
48
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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  • parallel collagen fibers, few elastin fibers
  • Function: attach muscles and bones to each other, withstand high uni-directional stresses
  • Location: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
49
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Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

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  • high proportion of elastic fibers
  • Function: allows recoil following stretching, maintains pulse in arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs after inspiration
  • Location: walls of larger arteries, some ligaments of vertebral column, walls of bronchial tubes
50
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Cartilage

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  • Firm, flexible tissue
  • contains up to 80% water, collagen, ECM
  • residents cells are Chondrocytes (Chondroblasts when immature) within Lacunae
  • avascular and non-innervated
  • 3 types: Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage
51
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Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • amorphous, firm matrix of imperceptible collagen network
  • Function: support, resilient cushioning, resists compressive stress
  • Location: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, costal (rib) cartilage, nose, trachea, larynx
52
Q

Elastic Cartilage

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  • similar to hyaline w/ more elastic fibers
  • Function: maintain shape/structure w/ high flexibility
  • Location: support external ear (pinna), epiglottis
53
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Fibrocartilage

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  • similar to but less firm than hyaline, mostly thick collagen fibers
  • Function: tensile strength, shock absorption
  • Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
54
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Bone

A
  • hard, calcified matrix w/ much collagen
  • resident cell is Osteocyte (within lacunae, called Osteoblasts when immature)
  • well vascularized
  • Function: supports, protects, provides levers for muscle, store calcium, minerals, fat, hematopoiesis
  • Location: bones!
55
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Blood

A
  • blood cells w/ fluid matrix (plasma)
  • fibers visible during clotting (fibrin)
  • Function: transport gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.
  • Location: within blood vessels
56
Q

Membranes

A

Four types:

  1. Cutaneous Membrane - skin (epidermis and dermis)
  2. Mucous Membrane - lines hollow organs open to outside (epithelium and areolar lamina propria)
  3. Serous Membrane - moist lining of closed cavities (mesothelium, submesothelial CT)
  4. Synovial Membrane - fibrous, lines all movable joint cavities
57
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Muscle Tissue

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  • specialized for contraction
  • elongated cells forming fibers
  • function to produce movement
  • 3 types: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
58
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Skeletal Muscle

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  • voluntary control
  • attached to bone and skin
  • cells are long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate
  • nuclei are at edge of cells to make room for myofilaments
59
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Cardiac Muscle

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  • only in heart
  • involuntary control
  • contracts to propel blood through circulatory system
  • cells are uninucleate with central nuclei, branched, striated and interdigitate at sites called intercalated disks
60
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • in walls of hollow organs
  • constrict and relax involuntarily to move contents
  • cells are uninucleate with central nuclei, spindle-shaped, unstriated, closely attached to each other
61
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Nervous Tissue

A
  • Main cells are neurons (electronically excitable cells), supporting cells are neuroglial cells
  • Function: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands)
  • Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves
62
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched projections of a neuron that conduct electrochemical signals

63
Q

Axon

A
  • AKA ‘nerve fiber’
  • long, slender projection of neuron that conducts electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles and glands

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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