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Z Old Anatomy > Cardiovascular Part II: Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Part II: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system? And what does each do?

A

Pulmonary Circuit - transports blood between lungs and heart

Systemic Circuit - transports blood between the body tissues and the heart

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2
Q

What are the receiving chambers of the heart? And where does each receive blood from?

A

Atria

  • right receives oxygen-poor blood from body
  • left receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs
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3
Q

What are the pumping chambers of the heart? And where does each send blood to?

A

Ventricles

  • right sends oxygen-poor blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk
  • left sends oxygen-rich blood to body via aorta
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4
Q

What are the functions of the heart?

A
  • ensure unidirectional blood flow
  • pump blood to lungs and body
  • develops blood pressure for nutrient and waste exchange
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5
Q

Describe the position and orientation of the heart.

A
  • it is the largest organ in the mediastinum
  • medial to the lungs
  • obliquely positioned
  • posterior to sternum
  • rests on superior surface of diaphragm
  • apex (anteroinferior left) in 5th intercostal space
  • base is a broad posterior surface
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6
Q

6

A

Parietal Pericardium

  • the layer of serous pericardium that lines the walls of the pericardial cavity
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7
Q

7

A

visceral pericardium

  • the layer of serous pericardium that lines the outside of the heart
  • AKA epicardium (when asked for “layer,” not “covering”)
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8
Q

the layer of tissue indicated by the arrow in the magnified portion of the image

A

fibrous pericardium

  • strong outer layer of dense connective tissue surrounding the serous pericardium
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9
Q

the heart covering formed from both layers #6 and #7

A

serous pericardium

  • “fist in a balloon” type covering
  • interior of “balloon” = pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid
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10
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost?

A
  • Epicardium - visceral pericardium
  • Myocardium - middle layer of cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium - inner endothelium on layer of CT
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11
Q

How is myocardial muscle oriented and what does this achieve?

A
  • it is a spirally-arranged network of cardiac muscles bound by connective tissue
  • it produces a wringing, squeezing motion
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12
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart? Which receive and which discharge blood?

A

Receiving Chambers:

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium

Discharging Chambers:

  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
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13
Q
A

Right Atrium

  • receives oxygen-poor blood from systemic circuit (inf. and sup. vena cava)
  • contains fossa ovalis
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14
Q

Chamber numbered 3

A

Left atrium

  • makes up posterior surface of heart
  • receives blood from lungs via pulmonary veins
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15
Q

chamber marked with pen

A

right ventricle

  • receives oxygen-poor blood from right atrium via right AV valve and pumps it to pulmonary trunk via pulmonary SL valve
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16
Q
A

Left Ventricle

  • externally forms apex of heart
  • receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium via the left AV valve and pumps it via the aortic SL valve to the aorta
  • has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because it must pump blood further, through the entire systemic circuit
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17
Q

7

A

epicardium

  • known as visceral pericardium when refering to heart coverings
  • most superficial layer of the heart
  • lubricates heart
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18
Q

6

A

myocardium

  • middle layer of cardiac muscle in heart wall
  • thickest layer of heart
  • arranged spirally to contract in a wringing motion
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19
Q

5

A

endocardium

  • deepest layer of heart
  • lines inner surface
  • made up of endothelial & connective tissues
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20
Q

Incoming Vessels of the Heart

A

Right Atrium (oxygen-poor)

- superior vena cava

- inferior vena cava

- coronary sinus

Left Atrium (oxygen-rich)

  • pulmonary veins (4 total, 2 L & 2 R)
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21
Q

Outgoing Vessels of the Heart

A

Right Ventricle —-> Pulmonary Trunk

Left Ventricle ——> Aorta

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22
Q
A

fossa ovalis

  • oval depression in interatrial septum
  • vestige of the fetal foramen ovale, a bypass of the pulmonary circuit
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23
Q

green area

A

interventricular septum

  • wall between the two ventricles
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24
Q

indicated by green line

A

Apex

  • inferior conical end of heart formed by exterior of inferior left ventricle
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25
Q

the posterior face of the heart

A

Base

  • broad posterosuperior surface of heart
  • primarily formed by left atrium
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26
Q

area circled in green

A

right auricle

  • wrinkled, flaplike extension of right atrium
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27
Q

6

A

left auricle

  • wrinkled extension of left atria
28
Q

What are the two different kinds of valves in the heart and what are their functions?

A

atrioventricular valves

  • between atria and ventricles
  • bicuspid on left, tricuspid on right

semilunar valves

  • between ventricles and arteries (one pulmonary, one aortic)
  • 3 pocket-like (“half-moon”) cusps
  • both serve to allow only unidirectional flow of blood
29
Q

5

A

Mitral Valve (AKA bicuspid valve)

  • left atrioventricular valve
30
Q

2

A

Tricuspid Valve

  • right atrioventricular valve
31
Q

1

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

  • between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
32
Q

9

A

aortic semilunar valve

  • between left ventricle and aorta
33
Q

What are the cusps of cardiac valves made of?

A
  • they are flaps of endocardium over a core of dense CT
34
Q

white fibers shown here:

A

Chordae Tendineae

  • thin strands of collagen fibers connecting cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles
  • prevents the valves from everting into the atria
35
Q

7

A

papillary muscles

  • cone-shaped muscular projections from the walls of the ventricles which anchor chordae tedineae
36
Q

10

A

Aorta

  • largest artery in the body
  • accepts blood from left ventricle
37
Q

9

A

Pulmonary Trunk

  • anterior to aorta
  • divides into left and right pulmonary arteries
  • accepts blood from right ventricle
38
Q

2 and #6

A

Pulmonary Veins

  • enter left atrium from lungs
  • two sets of two, left and right
39
Q

4

A

superior vena cava

  • large posterosuperior vein
  • returns blood from head, neck and upper extremities
  • enters right atrium of heart
40
Q

1

A

inferior vena cava

  • returns blood from abdomen and lower extremities
  • enters right atrium
41
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • forms middle layer of heart called myocardium
  • striated
  • contracts via sliding filament mechanism, similar to skeletal muscle
  • involuntary
  • contracts to pump blood through heart and into vessels
42
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cell Characteristics

A
  • short (unlike skeletal muscle)
  • branching
  • 1-2 central nuclei
  • not fused colonies
43
Q
A

intercalated disks

  • complex junctions between cardiac muscle cells
  • interlocking of adjacent sarcolemmas (muscle cell membranes)
  • have cell junctions: adhering and gap junctions
44
Q

What is a cardiac muscle “fiber”?

A

Multiple short cardiac muscle cells lined up and connected by intercalated discs

(unlike skeletal muscle fibers which are a single, long muscle cell)

45
Q

What separates different cardiac muscle fibers?

A

endomysium

  • connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
  • binds adjacent cardiac fibers, but seperates their cells
46
Q

How do most cardiac muscle cells receive contraction signals?

A
  • most are NOT innervated
  • they receive signals through gap junctions of intercalated disks
47
Q

What are the specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses through the heart?

A

Conduction System Cells

  • specialized cardiac muscle cells
  • cause chambers to contract in the proper sequence
48
Q

Autorhythmicity

A
  • a property of cardiac muscle cells
  • rhythmic activity without being driven by rhythmic external stimulation
49
Q

area from which signals are spreading here:

A
  • sinoatrial node -
  • specialized cardiomyocytes
  • in the superior wall of right atrium
  • sets inherent rate of contraction
  • impulses spread to the atria
50
Q

2

A

atrioventricular node

  • in inferior wall of interatrial septum
  • electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers
51
Q

7

A

Atrioventricular Bundle (AKA Bundle of His)

  • collection of heart muscle cells specialized to conduct impulses from the AV node to the bundle branches and Perkinje fibers which stimulate ventricular contraction
52
Q

6

A
  • left and right bundle branches
  • branches of the AV bundle which conduct impulses to the left and right ventricles
53
Q

rounder, emptier cells in center of image

A

Purkinje fibers

  • specialized conductive fibers in ventricular walls
  • larger size makes for easier ion flow & signal conduction
  • bigger, emptier-looking cells among normal cardiac muscle cells
54
Q

Cardiac Innervation (which nerves?)

A
  • rate altered by external controls

Nerves to Heart:

  • Vagus nerve (parasympathetic branch)
  • Sympathetic fibers (from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia)
  • Visceral sensory fibers
55
Q

red vessel indicated by arrow

A

left coronary artery

  • splits into:
  • anterior interventricular artery
  • circumflex artery
  • posterior interventricular artery
56
Q

general term for all vessels shown here in red

A

coronary arteries

  • vessels which supply blood to the myocardium
  • arise from the aorta
57
Q

part B

A

coronary sinus

  • largest coronary vein
  • where blood re-enters right atrium from coronary circulation
58
Q
A

anterior interventricular artery

59
Q
A

circumflex artery

60
Q

9

A

posterior interventricular artery

61
Q

8

A

right coronary artery

  • leads to right marginal artery at bottom of right ventricle
62
Q

8

A

marginal artery

  • branches off of right coronary artery
63
Q

blue vessel here:

A

great cardiac vein

  • vein that runs along anterior surface of heart between ventricles (along with anterior interventricular artery)
64
Q

middle cardiac vein

A

middle cardiac vein

  • runs along posterior heart between ventricles
  • paired with posterior interventricular artery
65
Q

part G

A

internodal pathway

  • carries signals from the sinoatrial to atrioventricular nodes of the cardiac conduction system
66
Q
A

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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