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Z Old Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Glands in which ducts carry secretions to surface or organ cavity and have extracellular effects such as food digestion

A

Exocrine Glands

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2
Q

Glands without ducts which secrete hormones into tissue fluids, capillary networks and the bloodstream

A

Endocrine Glands

Secretions have intracellular effects, altering cell metabolism

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3
Q

What is the general function of the endocrine system?

A

Controlling and integrating the function of other organ systems via hormones

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4
Q

What is the difference in nervous vs. endocrine communication?

A

nervous - electrical and chemical signals

endocrine - chemical signals only

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5
Q

What is the difference in nervous vs. endocrine response speed and effect persistence?

A

nervous - quick reaction (milliseconds), effect stops quickly

endocrine - slow reaction (seconds to days), effect may continue for weeks

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6
Q

What is the difference between nervous vs. endocrine adaptation to long-term stimuli?

A

nervous - adapt quickly and response declines

endocrine - response persists

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7
Q

The 3 Main Endocrine System Components

A
  • Endocrine Glands
  • Hormones
  • Target Cells
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8
Q

Hormone

A
  • a chemical “messenger” molecule secreted into the bloodstream which stimulates a response in another tissue or organ
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9
Q

Target Cells

A
  • cells with receptors for a certain hormone
    (ex: thyroid cells are target cells for TSH secreted by the anterior pituitary)
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10
Q

Receptor Site

A

the site on a cell membrane or in its cytoplasm/nucleus to which a hormone binds

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11
Q

Three Types of Endocrine Glands

A
  1. Pure endocrine
  2. Endocrine/exocrine (mixed)
  3. “Neuroendocrine” glands
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12
Q

Pure Endocrine Glands

A

- thyroid

-parathyroid

- adrenal cortex

- thymus

- pineal gland

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13
Q

Endocrine/Exocrine (Mixed) Glands

A

- pancreas

- ovaries

- testes

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14
Q

“Neuroendocrine” Glands

A

- Adrenal medulla

- Hypothalamus

- Posterior pituitary

  • contain specialized nervous cells which produce hormones
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15
Q
A

Hypothalamus

  • directly below thalamus in diencephalon
  • composed of several groups of nuclei ( neurons & neuroglia)
  • regulates anterior pituitary hormones
  • sends ADH and Oxytocin to posterior pituitary for storage and future release
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16
Q

What is this entire structure?

A

Pituitary Gland (AKA Hypophysis)

  • sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
  • attaches to hypothalamus via the infundibulum
  • secretes nine homeostatic hormones
  • two lobes: Adenohypophysis (Anterior, “adeno” = glandular) and Neurohypophysis (Posterior, “neuro” = neural)
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17
Q

What is #4 and what hormones does it secrete?

A

Anterior Pituitary (AKA Adenohypophysis)

  • releases 7 hormones:
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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18
Q

What is #6 and what hormones does it secrete?

A

Posterior Pituitary (AKA Neurohypophysis)

  • Secretes 2 hormones:
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) (AKA Vasopressin)
  • Oxytocin
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19
Q

What is the fancy latin name for #4?

A

pars distalis

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20
Q

What’s the fancy latin name for #6?

A

pars nervosa

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21
Q

A general name for hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands and the 4 of them secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

Tropic Hormones

  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
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22
Q

A general name for hormones that stimulate the gonads and the two secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

gonadotropins

  • FSH
  • LH
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23
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A
  • stimulates production of egg or sperm cells
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24
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A
  • stimulates hormone production

males - stimulates interstitial teste cells to secrete testosterone

females - stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen

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25
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

A
  • stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of TH
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26
Q

Adrenocorticotropin Hormone

A
  • regulates stress response by stimulating adrenal cortex
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27
Q

Prolactin

A

females - stimulates milk synthesis after childbirth

males - increases LH sensitivity, thus increasing testosterone secretion

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28
Q

Growth Hormone

A

AKA Somatotropin

  • promotes tissue growth
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29
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A
  • involved in skin pigmentation
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30
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate the adenohypophysis?

A

Via releasing and inhibiting hormones sent through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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31
Q

What is a portal system?

A
  • a system in which blood moves from organ to organ without first passing through the heart
32
Q

What is #9?

A

Primary capillaries

33
Q

What is # 2?

A

Portal Venule

  • between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis
34
Q

What is part #4?

A

Secondary capillary bed

(in adenohypophysis)

35
Q

What is #6? And what hormones does it secrete?

A

Posterior Pituitary (AKA Neurohypophysis)

  • secretes two hormones: ADH and Oxytocin
36
Q

ADH

A

Anti-Diurectic Hormone (AKA Vasopressin)

  • produced in hypothalamus, sent to neurohypophysis, secreted from there
  • targets kidneys to increase water retention, reduce urine and increase blood pressure
  • functions as neurotransmitter
37
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • produced in hypothalamus, sent to neurohypophysis, secreted from there
  • stimulates lactation and labor contractions
  • possible role in sperm transport and emotional bonding
38
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, a neural connection between the two glands

  • neuron cell bodies in the hypothalamus transport ADH and oxytocin via their axons to a capillary bed in the neurohypophysis
39
Q
A

thyroid gland

  • the largest endocrine gland
  • secrete thyroid hormones which increase metabolic rate, etc.
  • located anterior and laterally to trachea, inferior to larynx
  • two lobes connected by the isthmus
  • bulbous inferiorly, tapered superiorly
40
Q

the central part connecting the two sides of this gland

A

Isthmus of the thyroid gland

41
Q

1 (whole structure, not just cells lining it)

A

Thyroid Follicle

  • microscopic pockets within thyroid filled with colloid and lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells which release T3 and T4
42
Q

What are the thyroid hormones and what do they do?

A

T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

  • increase metabolic rate and O2 consumption
  • increase heat production via calorigenic effect
  • increase heart rate and contraction strength
  • increase respiratory rate
43
Q

2 (the liquid within, not the structure)

A

Colloid, AKA thyroglobulin

  • fluid within thyroid follicles containing precursors to thyroid hormones
44
Q

4

A

Parafollicular Cells (AKA Calcitonin or C Cells)

  • found between cuboidal follicular cells
  • produce calcitonin
45
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • hormone produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid
  • Decreases blood Ca2+, promotes Ca2+ deposition and bone formation (via osteoblast activity)
46
Q

square cells lining circular structures here:

A

follicular cells

  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • produce thyroid hormones
47
Q

green structure

A

Pineal Gland (or body)

  • located in the posterior roof of the diencephalon
  • produces melatonin, which regulates sleep cycles
  • may play a role in the onset of puberty
48
Q

Small, pinto bean-like structures on the surface of the larger structure. (Posterior view)

A

Parathyroid Glands

  • located on posterior surface of thyroid
  • usually 4, up to 8
  • produce parathormone (PTH) in their chief cells
49
Q

Parathormone

A

AKA Parathyroid hormone or parathyrin

  • secreted by chief cells of parathyroid

function:

  • increase blood Ca2+ levels
  • promotes synthesis of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D), thereby…
  • increasing digestive absorption of Ca2+
  • decreasing urinary excretion of Ca2+
  • increasing bone resorption (via osteoclasts)
50
Q

Calcitriol

A
  • active form of vitamin D synthesized in the kidney when stimulated by PTH
  • increases Ca absorption and bone resorption, decreases Ca excretion, thus increasing blood Ca
  • opposes action of Calcitonin from parafollicular cells of thyroid
51
Q

What is the left structure composed of more densely packed cells? And what are its cells called?

A

parathyroid gland

chief cells - synthesize parathormone

52
Q

The top, unlabeled lumpy structures

A

Adrenal Glands

  • triangular gland embedded in adipose tissue on superior surface of kidneys
  • almost entirely sympathetic innervation
  • “two glands in one” - adrenal medulla deep to adrenal cortex
53
Q

pink interior portion of magnified gland

A

adrenal medulla

  • neuroendocrine tissue
  • Chromaffin Cells - modified postganglionic sympathetic cells division of ANS
  • create and secrete Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and some Dopamine
  • exception to long postganglionic axon rule in sympathetic ANS, preganglionic sympathetic fiber runs into medulla
54
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • hormones produced and secreted by Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
  • have some different effects but generally contribute to fight-or-flight response:
  • increase heart rate and BP
  • constrict skin and GI blood vessels
  • dilate smooth muscle
  • increase metabolism
55
Q

distinct layer of more randomly arranged cells in right half of image sandwiched between two layers of cells arranged in strands

A

adrenal medulla

(chromaffin cells in spherical clusters)

56
Q

Chromaffin Cells

A
  • cells of the adrenal medulla which synthesize epinephrine or norepinephrine
57
Q
A
58
Q

Outer layer of gland indicated by pointer

A

adrenal cortex

  • glandular tissue of adrenals
  • makes up bulk of adrenal gland
  • secretes corticoid hormones
59
Q

The 3 Types of Corticoid Hormones, Where They Are Synthesized and Examples of Each

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids from the Zona glomerulosa, specifically Aldosterone
  2. Glucocorticoids from the Zona Fasciculata, specifically Cortisol
  3. Gonadocorticoids from the Zona Reticularis, specifically androgens and testosterone
60
Q

2

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

  • round arrangements of cells
  • make mineralocorticoids, ex: aldosterone
61
Q

3

A

Zona Fasciculata

  • middle, largest layer of adrenal cortex
  • parallel cords of lipid-rich cells
  • appear “bubbly” and usually stain lighter than other layers
  • creates glucocorticoids, ex: cortisol
62
Q

4

A

zona reticularis

  • innermost cortical layer next to adrenal medulla
  • narrow band of small, branching cells
  • produce gonadocorticoids, ex: androgens/testosterone
63
Q

yellow-white structure extending rightward from the duodenum:

A

Pancreas

  • just inferior to stomach in posterior wall of ab. cavity
  • mixed exocrine/endocrine gland
  • exocrine cells produce digestive enzymes
  • endocrine cells grouped into Islets of Langerhans, which secrete hormones including:
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Pancreatic polypeptide
64
Q

Glucagon

A
  • secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets
  • signals the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
65
Q

Insulin

A
  • secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets
  • signals cells to take up glucose, controls blood sugar levels
66
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • released by delta cells of pancreatic islets
  • decreases insulin & glucagon release
  • decreases growth hormone release
67
Q

Pancreatic Polypeptide

A
  • secreted by F cells (AKA PP cells) of pancreatic islets
  • decreases pancreatic exocrine activity
68
Q

cluster of lighter cells in the middle

A

Pancreatic Islet (AKA Islet of Langerhans)

  • groupings of endocrine cells within the pancreas
  • five kinds of cells:
  • alpha cells (glucagon)
  • beta cells (insulin)
  • delta cells (somatotropin)
  • F cells (pancreatic polypeptide)
  • epsilon cells (ghrelin)
69
Q

leftmost dark pink area

A

anterior pituitary

  • densely packed cells
70
Q

middle lighter pink area marked PN

A

posterior pituitary (pars nervosa)

  • unmyelinated axons + neuroglia
71
Q

4

A

Thymus

  • produces hormones thymopoietin and thymosins which regulate development and maintenance of immune function
72
Q

paired almond-shaped organs on either side of uterus

A

Ovaries

  • primary female sex organ
  • located retroperitoneally in abdomen, lateral to uterus at proximal end of fallopian tubes
  • produce female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and contain ova
73
Q
A

Testes

  • male sex organ located in scrotum
  • secrete androgens (testosterone) and inhibin
  • produces sperm cells
74
Q

Female gametes surrounded by estrogen-producing cells

A

Follicles

  • eggs surrounded by granulosa cells
75
Q

smaller cells surrounding large central cell

A

Granulosa Cells

  • cells within ovaries that produce estrogen
76
Q
A

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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