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Z Old Anatomy > Bones & Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Bones & Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Specialized, resilient, avascular connective tissue
  • Surrounded by perichondrium (dense irregular CT)
  • composed of 60-80% water, chondrocytes and much ECM
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2
Q

Types of Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline - most abundant, costal, ends of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx
  • Elastic - tolerates repeated bending, external ear and epiglottis** **
  • ** Fibrocartilage** - resists strong compression/tension, in intervertebral discs, knee joint discs and pubic symphisis
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3
Q

Cartilage Growth

A
  • 2 Types:
  • Interstitial - from within, chondrocytes mitosize, separate into own lacunae, stops after cartilage matures
  • Appositional - stem cells along perichondrium divide into chondroblasts which produce new ECM and eventually become chondrocytes in new lacunae
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4
Q

Bones

A
  • Organs made up of bone tissue, nervous tissue, blood tissue with cartilage and epithelium in blood vessels
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5
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage

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6
Q

Bone Functions

A
  • Support - framework for body
  • Movement - levers for muscles
  • Protection - encasing organs (ex: ribcage)
  • Mineral Storage
  • Erythropoeisis (red marrow)
  • Fat storage (yellow marrow)
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7
Q

4 Classes of Bones

A
  • Long (femur, humerus, phalanges, etc.)
  • Short (sesamoid, carpals, tarsals, etc.)
  • Flat (sternum, cranial bones, ribs, etc.)
  • Irregular (vertebrae, ethmoid, sphenoid, etc.)
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8
Q

of Bones in Adult Skeleton

A

206

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9
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Special type of short bone that forms within a tendon (ex: patella)

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10
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense external layer of bones that looks smooth and solid

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11
Q

Spongy Bone

A

AKA trabecular bone

  • lies deep to compact bone and appears like a honeycomb of thin, flat pieces called trabeculae, between which is red and yellow marrow
  • contains no osteons
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12
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • tubular body of long bones
  • AKA shaft
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13
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • ends of long bones
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14
Q

Metaphysis

A

Region between epiphysis and diaphysis where growth occurs

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15
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Layers of hyaline cartilage that lengthen the diaphysis as the bone grows

  • AKA growth plate
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16
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A
  • a thin layer of compact bone in adult long bones where the epiphyseal plate used to be
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17
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces of the epiphysis
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18
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

the center of long bone diaphyses filled with yellow marrow

AKA marrow cavity

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

connective tissue membrane covering entire outer surface of bones (except articular cartilage)

consist of superficial dense irregular CT layer and osteogenic deep layer

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20
Q

Endosteum

A

thinner osteogenic CT membrane covering internal bone surfaces

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21
Q

Red Marrow

A

site of erythropoiesis within bone

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22
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Site of fat storage within bone

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23
Q

Nutrient Vein & Artery

A

Main blood vessels serving diaphysis

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24
Q

Epiphyseal Vein & Artery

A

Main blood vessels serving the epiphysis

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25
Q

Differences in Short, Irregular and Flat Bone Structure

A
  • no diaphysis or epiphysis
  • no marrow cavity (marrow only among the trebaculae)
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26
Q

Diploë

A

internal spongy bone of flat bones

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27
Q

Difference Between Bone and Cartilage Structure

A
  • Same organic components (cells, fibers, ground substance) but bone has hardened inorganic components in its matrix (primparily calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite crystals
28
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A
  • Flat mesenchymal cells that divide & differentiate into osteoblasts
29
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • peripherally located immature bone cells
  • actively produce and secrete organic componoents of bone matrix (osteoid) at their surface
30
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • mature bone cells that exist within lacunae
  • formed with osteoblasts are surrounded by new matrix
  • less synthetic ability than osteoblasts, mostly act to maintain existing matrix
31
Q

Osteoclast

A
  • large, branched mutinucleate motile cells
  • perform bone remodeling, renewal and resorption by secreting HCl and lysosomal enzymes
  • exist on bone surface at the peri- and endosteums
32
Q

Osteoid

A

Newly formed bone matrix synthesized by osteoblasts

33
Q

Osteons

A
  • AKA Haversian Systems
  • long, cylindrical structures parallel to bone’s axis made of concentric tubes
34
Q

Lamella

A

one of the concentric tubes making up an osteon or one of the circumferential tubes around the outer or inner edge of compact bone

35
Q

Central Canal

A

AKA Haversian Canal

An osteogenic endostium-lined canal in the middle of each osteon that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

36
Q

Perforating Canals

A

AKA Volkmann’s Canals

Canals that run perpendicular to central canals connecting nerve and blood supplies of the periosteum, central canals and marrow cavity

37
Q

Canaliculi

A

thin tubes within osteons in which osteocytes have long narrow cytoplasmic extensions that connect with neighboring cells via gap junctions

38
Q

external/interneal circumferential lamellae

A
  • lamellae around the circumference of the diaphysis and marrow cavity
39
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

remains of old osteons that have been cut through by bone remodleing and appear as incomplete osteons between the new ones

40
Q

Ossification

A

AKA osteogenesis

formation and development of bone

41
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • develops from mesenchyme to produce flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible and some of clavicle
42
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone develops from within hyaline cartilage

43
Q

Appositional Bone Growth

A
  • growth by addition to a bone’s surface, causing growth in diameter
44
Q

Interstitial Bone Growth

A

Growth in bone length

45
Q

Four Categories of Bone Markings

A
  1. Articulating Surfaces
  2. Depressions
  3. Projections
  4. Openings and spaces
46
Q

Condyle

A

Large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

(ex: occipital condyles, medial condyle of femur)

47
Q

Facet

A

Small, flat, shallow articulating surface

48
Q

Head

A

Prominent, rounded epiphysis

(ex: proximal femur, proximal radius, distal ulna)

49
Q

Trochlea

A

Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

(ex: trochlea of (distal) humerus)

50
Q

Alveolus

A

Deep pit or socket in the maxilla or mandible (where teeth articulate with jaws)

51
Q

Fossa

A

Flattened or shallow depression

(ex: iliac fossas of ossa coxae)

52
Q

Sulcus

A

Narrow groove

(ex: intertubercular sulcus of humerus)

53
Q

Crest

A

Narrow, prominent ridglike projection

(ex: iliac crest of os coxae)

54
Q

Epicondyle

A

Projection adjacent to a condyle

(ex: medial and lateral epicondyles of distal femur)

55
Q

Line

A

Low ridge

56
Q

Process

A

Any marked bony prominence

(ex: zygomatic process of temporal bone)

57
Q

Ramus

A

Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of its structure

(ex: ramus of mandible)

58
Q

Spine

A
  • Pointed, slender process
    (ex: spinous processes of vertebrae, iliac spines of ossa coxae)
59
Q

Trochanter

A

Massive, rough projection found only on femur

(ex: greater and lesser trochanter of femur)

60
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, round projection

(ex: greater and lesser tubercles of (proximal) humerus)

61
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rough projection

(ex: deltoid tuberosity of humerus, ischial tuberosity of oss coxae)

62
Q

Canal

A

AKA Meatus, a passageway through a bone

(ex: internal and external acoustic meatuses of temporal bones)

63
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit-like opening through a bone

(ex: inferior orbital fissure of skull between sphenoid and maxilla bones)

64
Q

Foramen

A

Rounded passageway through a bone

(ex: foramen magnum of occipital bone, obturator foramen of oss coxae)

65
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity or hollow space in a bone

(ex: ethmoid sinuses)

66
Q

Bone Aging

A
  • As bone ages it loses ability to produce its organic matrix (collagen) and loses calcium and other salts
  • this can result in osteoporosis, a decrease in bone density
67
Q

Perforating Fibers

A

AKA Sharpey’s fibers

Thick collagen bundles running from periosteum into bone matrix

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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