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Z Old Anatomy > Cardiovascular Part III: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Part III: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries - blood away from heart

Veins - blood towards heart

Capillaries - smallest, site of exchange btwn blood and tissue

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2
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel? And the central space filled with blood?

A

Known as the three tunics:

  1. Tunica intima (interna)
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa (adventitia)

The lumen is the central cavity.

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3
Q

Part A

A

tunica interna (aka intima)

  • innermost layer of blood vessels
  • made up of three parts: simple squamous endothelium overlying basement membrane and fibrous subendothelium
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4
Q

part B

A

Tunica media

  • middle layer of blood vessels
  • contains elastin & collagen for stretch & strength
  • sheets of circularly arranged smooth muscle for vasoconstriction/dilation
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5
Q

part C

A

tunica externa (adventitia)

  • outermost layer of blood vessel
  • areolar connective tissue
  • anchors vessel to other structures
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6
Q

vessels on the right

A

Arteries

  • carry blood away from heart
  • thicker walls and smaller lumens than veins
  • higher pressure

large 2.5-1 cm

medium - 1 - 0.3 cm

smallest arteries - 0.3 mm to 10 microm.

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7
Q

What are the two types of arteries and their attributes?

A

Elastic Arteries

  • high elastin content within tunica media allows stretch with each pulse
  • found in aorta, pulmonary arteries and their branches

Muscular Arteries

  • low overall elastin content; more smooth muscle
  • elastin-rich layers on either side of tunica media (elastic laminae)
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8
Q

layer B

A

internal elastic lamina

  • separates tunica intima from tunica media
  • layer of elastic fibers in muscular arteries
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9
Q

part D

A

external elastic lamina

  • separates tunica media from tunica externa
  • layer in muscular arteries
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10
Q

What are the smallest arteries called, how big are they and how do they differ from other arteries?

A

Arterioles

  • range from 0.3 mm - 10 micrometers
  • large arterioles have all three tunics; small have endothelium and smooth muscle only
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11
Q

What are the small vessels in which molecule exchange with tissues occurs?

How big are they and what are their layers?

A

Capillaries

  • 8-10 micrometers
  • no tunics; endothelium & basement membrane only
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12
Q

What is this network of vessels called?

A

Capillary Bed

  • a network of capillaries that vascularizes tissues and carries blood between arteries and veins
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13
Q

Tissue Vascularization…

which tissues are vascular/avascular?

A
  • Most tissues & organs are well vascularized
  • Tendons & ligaments are poorly vascularized
  • Epithelia & cartilage are avascular
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14
Q

2

A

Precapillary Sphincter

  • sphincters between the thoroughfare channel and the capillary bed which control capillary bed perfusion
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15
Q

What is the vessel through which blood can flow directly from arteries to veins when precapillary sphincters are closed?

A

Thoroughfare Channel

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16
Q

What kind of blood vessel is this?

A

Vein

  • take oxygen-poor blood from capillaries to heart
  • lower pressure
  • thinner walls, larger lumens
  • contain valves to counteract low pressure
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17
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

Venules

  • 8-100 micrometers
  • postcapillary venules are smallest venules
  • join to form veins
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18
Q

What two mechanisms counteract low venous pressure and ensure unidirectional venous flow?

A

Valves - particularly in limbs

Skeletal muscle pump - muscles press against thin-walled veins

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19
Q

What are the smaller vessels supplying the outsideof this larger vessels called?

A

vasa vasorum (vessels of vessels)

  • nourish outer region (tunica externa) of larger vessels
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20
Q

What are the two circulatory circuits? What are their functions and attributes?

A
  • Pulmonary Circulation -
  • to/from lungs
  • uptake of O2, removal of CO2

**Systemic Circulation - **

  • vessels on left and right of trunk are asymmetrical; head and limbs are symmetrical
  • carry O2, pick up CO2
  • pickup & deliver nutrients
  • nitrogenous waste to kidneys
  • hormone and signal molecule transport
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21
Q

Describe the route of pulmonary circulation from heart to lungs and back.

A

Pulmonary trunk —->

Pulmonary arteries—->

Lobar arteries (two to left, three to right) —–>

Branches along bronchi —->

Arterioles —->

Pulmonary capillaries —->

Venules —->

Larger veins —->

Pulmonary veins —->

Superior/inferior pulmonary veins —->

Left atrium

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22
Q

What are the three parts of the aorta?

A
  • ascending aorta - arises from ventricle ~ 5 cm
  • aortic arch - arches posteriorly to the left, has arteries branching off superiorly
  • descending aorta - posterior to heart, inferiorly along thoracic/lumbar vertebrae
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23
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch (from right to left in anatomical position) ?

A
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk - branches into right common carotid and righ subclavian
  • Left Common Carotid Artery
  • Left Subclavian Artery
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24
Q

What part of the largest artery is shown here with an aneurysm?

A

abdominal aorta

  • ends at L4
  • distributes blood to celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior phrenic and common iliac arteries
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25
Q
A

right common carotid

  • supplies head and neck
  • divides into internal/external carotid arteries
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26
Q

vessel in green:

A

internal carotid artery (left and right)

  • supplies structures in skull via carotid canal
  • interconnected with basilar artery in circle of Willis
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27
Q
A

external carotid artery

  • supplies structures external to skull (face, thyroid, tongue)
  • commonly used to measure pulse
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28
Q

red vessel

A

Vertebral Artery (left and right)

  • supplies posterior brain
  • emerge from subclavians, travel through transverse foramina of cervical vertabrae
  • enter skull through foramen magnum
  • merge into basilar artery
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29
Q
A

right subclavian artery

  • branches off of brachiocephalic trunk
  • supplies upper limb
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30
Q

What portion of this large artery is shown here with an aneurysm?

A

thoracic aorta

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31
Q

6

A

axillary artery (left and right)

  • “armpit” artery
  • supplies muscles of pectorals and axilla

-

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32
Q

7

A

brachial artery (left and right)

  • supplies arm
  • continues down arm to antecubital fossa and branches into radial and ulnar arteries
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33
Q

17

A

radial artery (left and right)

  • supplies radial forearm
  • branches off of brachial artery at antecubital fossa
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34
Q

20

A

ulnar artery (left and right)

  • supplies ulnar forearm
  • branches off of brachial artery at antecubital fossa
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35
Q

1

A

celiac trunk

  • most superior of three unpaired branches of abominal aorta
  • distributes blood to left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries
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36
Q
A

common hepatic artery

  • branches rightward off of celiac trunk toward liver
  • supplies liver
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37
Q

marked “sa” here:

A

splenic artery

  • branches leftward off of celiac trunk toward spleen
  • supplies spleen, stomach and pancreas
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38
Q

part B

A

left gastric artery

  • branch of celiac trunk
  • supplies stomach and esophagus
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39
Q

indicated by red arrow:

A

superior mesenteric artery

  • middle unpaired branch of abdominal aorta
  • supplies pancreas, small intestine, appendix, and first 2/3 of large intestine
40
Q

indicated by red arrow:

A

inferior mesenteric artery

  • supplies last third of large intestine
  • most inferior unpaired branch of adominal aorta
41
Q

8

A

suprarenal arteries (left and right)

  • supplies adrenal glands
  • paired branches of abdominal aorta
42
Q

arteries between aorta and kidneys:

A

renal arteries (left and right)

  • supplies kidney
  • paired branches of abdominal aorta
43
Q

paired arteries highlighted here:

A

gonadal arteries (left and right)

  • supplies testes in male, ovaries in female
  • paired branches of abominal aorta
44
Q
A

common iliac artery (left and right)

  • distributes blood to external and internal iliac arteries
  • supplies pelvis and lower limbs
  • branches off of inferior abominal aorta
45
Q
A

external iliac artery

  • supplies lower limbs
  • branches off of common iliac artery
46
Q

artery in green here:

A

femoral artery (left and right)

  • supplies lower abdominal wall, groin, external genitals and thigh
  • continuation of external iliac artery
47
Q
A

internal iliac artery (left and right)

  • extends from common iliac artery into pelvic region
  • supplies pelvic walls and viscera, buttock, reproductive organs and medial thigh
48
Q

vessel in green here:

A

popliteal artery (left and right)

  • supplies muscles in thigh and skin on posterior leg
  • extension of femoral artery
49
Q

artery highlighted pink here:

A

anterior tibial artery (left and right)

  • supplies knee joint, anterior leg muscles, anterior skin of leg and ankle joint
  • branch of popliteal artery
50
Q
A

posterior tibial artery (left and right)

  • supplies muscles, bones, and joints of leg and foot
  • branch of popliteal artery
51
Q
A

fibular (or peroneal) artery (left and right)

  • supplies lateral lower leg
  • branch off of posterior tibial artery
52
Q

vessel in green here:

A

dorsalis pedis artery (left and right)

  • supplies muscles, skin and joints of dorsal foot
  • continuation of anterior tibial artery
53
Q

What is this entire circuit of blood vessels called?

What is its significance/function?

A

Cerebral Arterial Circle (or Circle of Willis)

  • an important anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica
  • equalizes blood pressure in the brain
  • provides collateral channels if one vessel becomes blocked
54
Q

a communication between blood vessels

A

anastomosis

55
Q

3

A

basilar artery

  • formed by merging of l. and r. vertebral arteries
  • travels immediately anterior to pons
  • extends many branches
  • divides into posterior cerebral arteries
56
Q

10

A

anterior cerebral arteries

  • supplies blood to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes
57
Q

7

A

middle cerebral arteries (left and right)

  • arises from internal carotid
  • supplies lateral cerebral cortex, anterior temporal lobes and insular cortices
58
Q

5

A

posterior cerebral arteries (left and right)

  • supplies posterior cerebrum
59
Q

11

A

anterior communicating artery

  • connects two anterior cerebral arteries
60
Q

6

A

posterior communicating artery (left and right)

  • branches of posterior cerebral arteries
  • communicate with middle cerebral arteries
61
Q
A

superior vena cava

  • receives blood from right and left brachiocephalic veins
  • drains head, neck, chest and upper limbs
62
Q

5

A

brachiocephalic veins (left and right)

  • receives blood from external jugular, vertebral and internal jugular veins
  • drains head, neck, upper limbs, mammary glands and superior thorax into superior vena cava
63
Q

2 and #8

A

internal jugular veins (right and left, respectively)

  • drain cranium, neck and face
  • drain into brachiocephalic veins
64
Q

vein whose name is blacked out here:

A

external jugular vein (left and right)

  • drain neck, face, salivary glands, and scalp
65
Q

3 and #4

A

subclavian arteries (left and right)

  • receive blood from axillary veins
  • drains arms, neck, thoracic wall
66
Q

area highlighted blue:

A

axillary vein (left and right)

  • drains arms, axillae, superolateral chest wall
  • extends into subclavian vein
67
Q

vessel indicated in green:

A

cephalic vein (left and right)

  • drains lateral surface of upper limb
  • on radial side of forearm as well
68
Q
A

brachial vein (left and right)

  • drains forearm, wrist and hand
69
Q

part B

A

basilic vein (left and right)

  • drains medial surface of upper limb
  • continues down forearm on ulnar side
70
Q

part A

A

median cubital vein (left and right)

  • drains forearm
  • where IVs are often given in antecubital fossa
71
Q
A

radial vein (left and right)

  • drains radial forearm
  • joins with ulnar vein to form brachial vein
72
Q
A

ulnar vein (left and right)

  • drains ulnar forearm
  • joins with radial vein to form brachial vein
73
Q

largest vessel shown here:

A

inferior vena cava

  • receives blood from hepatic, gonadal, lumbar, phrenic, suprarenal, renal and common iliac veins
  • drains abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs into right atrium
74
Q

the veins here labeled RHV, MHV, LHV:

A

hepatic veins

  • drains the liver
75
Q
A

hepatic portal vein

  • drains venous blood from spleen, stomach and intestines to liver for processing
76
Q

vein highlighted green here:

A

suprarenal veins (left and right)

  • drains adrenal glands
77
Q

5

A

renal veins (left and right)

  • drains kidney
78
Q

highlighted blue here:

A

gonadal veins (left and right)

  • left drains into left renal vein, right drains into inferior vena cava
  • drains testes in males, ovaries in females
79
Q

highlighted vein here:

A

lumbar veins (left and right)

  • drains posterolateral abdominal wall

-

80
Q
A

common iliac veins (left and right)

  • branch off of inferior end of inferior vena cava
  • receive blood from external and interal iliac veins
  • drain pelvis and lower limbs
81
Q
A

internal iliac vein (left and right)

  • drains pelvic muscles, skin, urinary and reproductive organs in pelvic cavity
82
Q

green arrows

A

external iliac vein

  • drains lower limb
83
Q
A

femoral vein (left and right)

  • drains muscles of thigh, femur, external genitals and superficial lymph nodes
84
Q

green vessel:

A

popliteal vein (left and right)

  • drain knee joint and skin, muscles, bones of calf and thigh near knee
85
Q
A

great saphenous vein (left and right)

  • drains medial leg and thigh, groin, external genitalia, abdominal wall
  • largest superficial vein
86
Q

starred area:

A

superior sagittal sinus

  • superior to longitudinal fissure
  • drains into one of transverse sinuses
87
Q

marked TS here:

A

transverse sinus

  • run in shallow grooves on internal surface of occipital bone
88
Q

dural venous sinuses

A
  • several large veins that drain venous blood of cranium
  • formed between periosteal and meningeal layer of dura mater
  • receive excess CSF from arachnoid villi
89
Q

vein in blue here:

A

splenic vein

  • drains spleen
  • meets with inferior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein
  • part of hepatic portal system, drains into liver before returning to heart
90
Q
A

inferior mesenteric vein

  • drains into splenic vein where they form hepatic portal vein
  • drains blood from large intestine into hepatic portal system for hepatic processing before return to the heart
91
Q
A

superior mesenteric vein

  • vertically positioned vein draining small intestine and part of large intestine
  • part of hepatic portal system
92
Q

hepatic portal system (and its veins)

A
  • a venous network that drains GI blood to the liver for absorption and processing of digested materials

made up of:

  • splenic vein
  • inferior mesenteric vein
  • superior mesenteric vein
93
Q

Fetal vs. Postnatal Circulation

A
  • the fetus supplies blood to the placenta
  • very little blood sent thru pulmonary circuit because the lungs are undeveloped and non-functioning
94
Q

How does blood bypass the pulmonary circuit in fetal circulation?

A

Via the foramen ovale, a hole in the interatrial septum which becomes the fossa ovalis after birth

and

via the ductus arteriosus, a vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and proximal descending aorta which becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth

95
Q

How does fetal blood bypass the liver?

A

via the ductus venosus, which shunts umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava and becomes the ligamentum venosum after birth

96
Q

How does the fetus drain blood to the placenta?

A
  • via the paired umbilical arteries which run from the abominopelvic region of the fetus into the umbilical cord
  • they become the medial umbilical ligaments after birth
97
Q

How does the fetus receive blood supply from the placenta?

A

via the unpaired umbilical vein which carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and becomes the ligamentum teres after birth

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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