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Z Old Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the two groups of sex organs and what does each contain?

A

Primary Sex Organs - produce gametes (ovaries, testes)

Secondary/Accessory Sex Organs - nourish gametes and transport them (glands, external genitalia)

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3
Q

What are the primary and secondary sex organs of the male?

A

Primary - Testes (produce sperm & testosterone)

Secondary -

  • scrotum,
  • epididymis,
  • ducts deferens,
  • ejaculatory duct,
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
  • seminal vesicle
  • urethra
  • penis
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4
Q

17

A

Testes

  • oval shaped gland that produces sperm and testosterone
  • contain about 1,000 coiled seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)
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5
Q

18

A

Scrotum

  • dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle that encloses the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord
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6
Q

3

A

Penis

  • copulatory organ that surrounds urethra
  • contains three masses of erectile tissue
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7
Q

What is the round structure shown here?

What is their function and what are their cells?

A

Seminiferous Tubule

  • convoluted tubules which are sites of sperm production and maturation within testes
  • Spermatogenic Cells - sperm-forming cells
  • Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells - support cells
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8
Q

Indicated by blue arrows:

A

Spermatogonia

  • AKA spermatogenic cells
  • stem cells within seminiferous tubules
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9
Q

Green arrow:

What is it?

What is its function?

A

Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells

  • support cells which surround and nourish spermatogenic cells
  • extend from basal lamina of tuble to lumen
  • produce secretions
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10
Q

part A

  • what is its function?
  • where are they?
A

Leydig (interstitial) Cells

  • secretes testosterone into surrounding interstitial fluid
  • surround seminiferous tubules
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11
Q

What is the process of sperm cell production called? And what are its two stages?

A

Spermatogenesis

Stage 1: _Meiosis _

Stage 2: Spermiogenesis - spermatids differentiate into mature sperm

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12
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis from spermatogonium to spermatozoa?

A
  1. Spermatogonium
  2. Primary Spermatocyte (single diploid cell)
  3. Meiosis I
  4. Secondary Spermatocyte (two haploids)
  5. Meisosis II
  6. Early Spermatid (four haploid cells)
  7. Late spermatid (now have flagella)
  8. Spermatozoa
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13
Q

What is the order of the reproductive duct system in males from seminiferous tubule to urethra?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubule
  2. Rete testes
  3. Efferent Ductule
  4. Epididymis
  5. Ductus deferens
  6. Spermatic cord
  7. Urethra
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14
Q

What do A, B and C make up?

What are its regions (A, B and C) ?

Its function?

A

Epididymis

  • coiled duct posterior to each testis
  • connects tubules of testis to ductus deferens
  • site of sperm maturation and storage

Regions:

  1. Head - efferent ductules empty here (A)
  2. Body - middle portion just posterior to testis (B)
  3. Tail - end inferior to testis, just before ductus deferens (C)
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15
Q
A

Vas (Ductus) Deferens

  • duct that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
  • has thick muscularis layer in its wall
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16
Q

Starred structure:

What is its covering and what does it contain?

A

Spermatic Cord

  • tube of fibrous CT that contains testicular blood vessels, nerves and vas deferens
  • runs from inside scrotum, out via the inguinal canal
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17
Q

What is this passage?

A

inguinal canal

  • passage in anterior abdominal wall through which spermatic cord passes
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18
Q
A

Prostatic Urethra

  • part of urethra extending through prostate gland
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19
Q
A

Membranous Urethra

  • part of urethra that travels through urogenital diaphragm
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20
Q

9

A

Spongy Urethra

  • AKA penile urethra
  • part of urethra that passes through penis
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21
Q

Indicated by red arrow:

A

External Urethral Orifice

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22
Q

What are the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Seminal Vesicles (paired)
  2. Prostate Gland (single)
  3. Bulbourethral Gland (paired)
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23
Q

11

A

Seminal Vesicles

  • pair of glands that produce ~60% of volume of semen
  • secretes fluid containing fructose (to nourish sperm) into ampulla of vas deferens
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24
Q
A

ejaculatory duct

  • duct where seminal vesicle meets vas deferens
  • conducts sperm and seminal fluid into urethra
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25
Q
A

Prostate Gland

  • round gland surrounding prostatic urethra
  • 20-30 tubuloalveolar glands in dense CT and smooth muscle
  • secretes ~1/3 of seminal fluid
  • site where ejaculatory duct meets urethra
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26
Q

size? location? function?

A

Bulbourethral (or Cowper’s) Glands

  • pair of pea-sized mucus glands at base of penis, inferior to prostate, right at the level of the urogenital diaphragm
  • produce mucus that cleanses the urethra of urine and lubricates it just prior to ejaculation
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27
Q

What is this covering?

A

tunica albuginea

  • thick white fibrous capsule covering testis
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28
Q

What do #2 and #3 make up?

A

tunica vaginalis

  • serous covering of the testis
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29
Q

What are the three main parts of the penis?

A

Root - where it attaches to the body

Shaft - the body of the penis

Glans penis - the enlarged tip of the shaft

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30
Q
A

Prepuce

  • foreskin of the penis
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31
Q

3

A

corpus cavernosa

  • two paired cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue
  • dorsolaterally located on the penis
32
Q

2

A

corpus spongiosum

  • single cylindrical body of erectile tissue surrounding urethra
  • fills with blood during erection
33
Q

1

A

Urethra

34
Q

What are the two groupings of sex organs in the female reproductive system (and their respective organs)?

A

Primary Organs - Ovaries

Secondary/Accessory Organs -

  • mons pubis
  • labia minora/majora
  • clitoris
  • vagina
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • fimbria
  • mammary glands
35
Q

Functions of the Female Reproductive System

A
  • produce gametes
  • prepares to support developing embryo
  • undergoes changes during menstrual cycle
36
Q

Paired whitish glands here:

  • function?
  • how are they held in place?
  • what is their functional unit?
A

Ovary

  • produce eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone
  • held in place by ligaments and mesenteries
  • composed of Ovarian Follicles in which oocytes mature
37
Q

What’s this entire structure?

A

Ovarian Follicle

  • oocytes surrounded by follicular cells
38
Q

What are the stages of maturation of an ovarian follicle?

A
  1. Primordial Follicle
  2. Primary Follicle
  3. Secondary Follicle
  4. Graafian Follicle
39
Q

red arrow:

A

Primordial Follicle

  • least mature follicles
  • indentified by its single layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding the oocyte
40
Q
A

Primary Follicle

  • second stage of follicular maturation
  • larger oocyte surrounded by one ore more layers of cuboidal follicular cells
  • secretes estrogen to stimulate change in uterine lining
41
Q
A

Secondary Follicle

  • many layers of follicular cells around a much larger oocyte
  • fluid-filled space called antrum now present
42
Q
A

Graafian Follicle

  • AKA vesicular or mature follicle
  • secondary oocyte, numerous layers of follicular cells and large crescent-shaped antrum (larger than antrum in secondary follicle
43
Q
A

Oocyte

  • egg cells
44
Q

visible layer just inside folliculuar cells

A

zona pellucida

  • translucent glycoprotein coat around oocyte which sperm must penetrate in order to fertilize the egg
45
Q

Blue arrow

A

Corona Radiata

  • innermost layer of follicular cells surrounding oocyte
  • external to zona pellucida
46
Q

Ovulation

  • How does it happen?
  • How often?
A
  • About every 28 days a follicle ruptures at the surface of the ovary and the fimbriae usher it into the fallopian tube
47
Q

1 and #2

A

Corpus Luteum

  • “yellow body” part of follicle which remains in ovary after ovulation
  • secretes estrogen and progesterone to stimulate buildup of uterine lining and prepare for possible oocyte fertilization
  • in slides, much larger than follicles and have no visible oocytes
  • degenerates into Corpus Albicans (“white body”)
48
Q

What does the black line indicate?

What process occurs here?

A

Fallopian Tube

  • AKA oviduct or uterine tube
  • ducts that receive oocyte from fimbriae and conduct it towards the uterus
  • attached to uterus, but not ovaries
  • fertilization occurs within the fallopian tube
49
Q

2

A

Fimbriae

  • finger-like projections on oviducts that extend into pelvic cavity
  • contain cilia that beat toward the entrance of the oviduct, conducting eggs from ovaries into the duct
50
Q

8

A

infundibulum

  • funnel-shaped lateral margin of fallopian tube
51
Q

1

function?

A

uterus

  • hollow organ between bladder and rectum
  • receives, retains and nourishes fertilized egg
  • implantation, placenta formation and fetal development occur here
52
Q
A

Cervix

  • most inferior part of uterus
  • muscular ring which projects into vagina
53
Q

11

A

Fundus

  • superior dome-shaped region of uterus where oviducts enter
54
Q
A

body of uterus

  • main portion of uterus inferior to fundus
  • tapers downward toward cervix
55
Q

Yellow highlighted portion:

A

isthmus

  • slightly narrow region between body of uterus and cervix
56
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. Perimetrium - outer visceral peritoneum
  2. Myometrium - middle layer; bundles of smooth muscle
  3. Endometrium - mucosal lining shed during menstruation
57
Q
A

Perimetrium

  • outer visceral peritoneum
58
Q
A

Myometrium

  • thick layer of smooth muscle in uterine wall
  • contracts during labor to expel the fetus
59
Q
A

Endometrium

  • innermost uterine layer
  • mucus mebrane where embryo implants after arriving from uterine tube
  • simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria
  • sheds during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs
60
Q

Green highlighted area:

A

Vagina

  • 4 to 6 inch tube between uterus and external genitalia that accepts the penis during sexual intercourse
  • serves as passageway during childbirth
  • has muscularis layer in its wall
61
Q
A

Fornix

  • superior space in vagina formed by cervix’ protrusion into vagina
62
Q

Folds indicated by pencil and lines:

A

Rugae

  • folds of mucosa
63
Q
A

Vaginal Orifice

  • external opening of the vagina
64
Q
A

Mons Pubis

  • mound of skin and subcutaneous CT anterior to pubic symphysis
  • covered with pubic hair in postpubescent females
65
Q
A

Labia Majora

  • pair of external folds of fatty tissue lateral to labia minora
  • covered with hair and sebaceous glands
  • enclose the openings of the urethra and vagina, merging behind the vagina
66
Q
A

Labia Minora

  • smaller hairless folds within labia majora
  • enclose vestibule
  • unite anteriorly to form clitoris
67
Q
A

Clitoris

  • small mass of erectile tissue at anterior meeting of the labia minora
  • corresponds to the male penis
68
Q

7

A

Prepuce

  • fold of labia minora that covers clitoris
69
Q

What is the space between the labia minora called?

A

Vestibule

  • contains the vaginal orifice and urethral opening
70
Q
A

Urethral Opening

AKA external urethral orifice

71
Q
  • Highlighted green area
A

Urethra

  • muscular tube that carries urine from bladder to exterior
72
Q

What is this diamond-shaped area?

A

Perineum

  • bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and coccyx
73
Q

1

A

Urogenital Diaphragm

  • double layer of pelvic fascia with included muscle between ischial and pubic rami
  • traversed by vagina, gives passage to membranous urethra and encloses urethral sphincter
74
Q

What are the milk-producing glands called?

They are specialized versions of what kind of glands?

A

mammary glands

  • specialized sweat glands
  • 15-20 lobes, lactiferous duct of each opens at nipple
  • present in both sexes, functional in lactating females only
75
Q

What is this entire layer?

How is it distinguishable from other layers in slides?

(not just the arrow)

A

Endometrium

  • innermost layer of uterus
  • borders the endometrial cavity
  • simple columnar epithelium and underlying lamina propria with simple tubular uterine glands (indicated by red arrow; these help distinguish it in slides)
76
Q

What is the dark purple layer arcing above the smaller layer riddled with tubules?

A

myometrium

  • thick muscular middle layer of uterus
  • three intertwining layers of smooth muscle
77
Q

3

A

Perimetrium

  • outermost uterine layer; visceral peritoneum
  • loose CT with lymphatic vessels

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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