Cardiovascular Part I: Blood

Question 2

2 parts of the Circulatory System

Answer 2

composed of the cardiovascular system (2-way circulation of blood) and the lymphatic system (one-way transport of lymph)

Question 3

3 Parts of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 3

• blood
• heart
• blood vessels

Question 4

4 Components of the Lymphatic Systems

Answer 4

• lymphatic vessels
• lymphocytes
• lymphoid tissue
• lymphoid organs

Question 5

How is blood a connective tissue?

Answer 5

It consists of:

• cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes)
• fibers (fibrin strands formed by clotting factors)
• ground substance (plasma)

Question 6

Functions of blood

Answer 6

• carries respiratory gases, nutrients and hormones
• regulates body temperature

Question 7

Classification of Blood Components

Answer 7

• living cells - “formed elements”
• non-living matrix - “plasma”

Question 8

Hematocrit

Answer 8

• packed cell volume
• a volume percentage of erythrocytes
• 47 +/- 5% in males
• 42 +/- 5% in females

Question 9

Blood Plasma

Answer 9

• straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
• 90% water, makes up 55% of blood volume
• contains ions, gases, nutrients, wastes and proteins
• three main proteins:
• albumin
• globulins
• fibrinogen

Question 10

albumin

Answer 10

• smallest, most abundant plasma protein
• contributes to viscosity and **osmolarity **
• transports solutes and buffers pH (7.34 - 7.45)

Question 11

Fibrinogen

Answer 11

• soluble fibrin precursor
• fibrin forms sticky network for clotting

Question 12

Globulins

Answer 12

• contributes to immune function
• known as antibodies

Question 13

serum

Answer 13

• plasma minus its clotting factors (formed elements)

Question 14

What is a clot?

Answer 14

• platelets trapped in a network of fibrin

Question 15

3 types of formed elements in blood

Answer 15

Formed elements = cells

• erythrocytes (red, 99%)
• leukocytes (white)
• thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 16

numerous large, lightly stained cells here:

Answer 16

erythrocytes

• 4-6 million/mm³
• originate in red marrow
• main function is O₂ and CO₂ transport

anatomy:

• anucleate
• no organelles
• biconcave disks
• packed with hemoglobin

Question 17

How long do erythrocytes live and where do they go to die?

Answer 17

about 100-120 days; the liver and spleen

• short-lived due to their lack of organelles, so can’t repair themselves, etc.

Question 18

Why are erythrocytes biconcave?

Answer 18

to increase their surface area for O₂ absorption and distribution

Question 19

What molecule is this? What are its two main components? What is its function?

Answer 19

Hemoglobin;

Four globins each with a heme pigment;

to transport O₂ by its tendency to bind to the Fe²⁺ on each heme

Question 20

the general term for the kind cell shown here darkly stained

Answer 20

White Blood Cell (AKA Leukocyte)

• 4,800-11,000/mm³
• carry out immunological functions

Question 21

What is the process of WBCs leaving blood capillaries to attack pathogens called?

Answer 21

Diapedesis

Question 22

Types of Leukocytes (2 main categories; 5 total cell types)

Answer 22

• Granulocytes - (cytoplasmic granules & lobed nuclei)

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

• Agranulocytes - (no granules & unlobed nuclei)

1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes

Question 23

What kind of WBCs are these?

Answer 23

Neutrophils (granulocyte)

• most common WBC (60%)
• 2-6 lobes per nuclei attached by chromatin strands
• active bacterial phagocytes

Question 24

What kind of WBC is this?

Answer 24

eosinophil (granulocyte)

• 1-4% of WBCs
• bilobed nucleus
• increased in allergic response
• phagocytize allergens bound to antibodies
• kill parasitic worms

Question 25

What kind of WBC is this?

Answer 25

**basophil** (granulocyte) - **very rare** - usually **two lobes** per nucleus - heavily grainy cytoplasmic staining - contain and release **histamine** to initiate inflammation

Question 26

What kind of WBC is this? What are the two types of it and their functions?

Answer 26

**lymphocyte** ( agranulocyte) - 20-45% of WBCs - **large, round nucleus** almost fills cell (cytoplasm just a rim around the nucleus) two types: - **B-lymphocytes** (**_b_**one marrow) - produce **antibodies**, recognize and **mark cells for destruction** by macrophages - **T-lymphocytes** (**_t_**hymus) - target alien cells; reject transplants; kill virus-infected cells and some cancers; are cytotoxic

Question 27

What kind of WBC is this?

Answer 27

**monocyte** (agranulocyte) - 4-8% of WBCs - horseshoe/kidney-shaped nucleus - active **phagocytes** - **become macrophages** when in tissues - largest WBC

Question 28

DLC (Differential Leukocyte Count)

Answer 28

Neutrophil - 60% Eosinophil - 1-4% Basophil - Lymphocytes - 20-45% Monocytes - 4-8%

Question 29

Answer 29

**thrombocytes** (aka **platelets**) - fragments of **megakaryocytes** - membrane-bound cytoplasm fragments without nuclei - essential to **clotting**; adhere to blood vessel tears

Question 30

What is the name for blood cell formation?

Answer 30

**hematopoiesis** - 100 billion cells each day

Question 31

Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis | (which color of marrow?)

Answer 31

- **red marrow** - contains immature erythrocytes - yellow marrow is dormant

Question 32

What parent cell do all blood cells come from?

Answer 32

**Hemocytoblasts** or **Blood Stem Cells** AKA **pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell** - differentiate into: * **lymphoid stem cells** - lymphocytes * **myeloid stem cells** - all other blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)

Question 33

What cells come from lymphoid stem cells?

Answer 33

Lymphocytes only

Question 34

What cells come from myeloid stem cells?