Joints Flashcards
Arthrology
the study of joints
kinesiology
study of musculoskeletal movement
Functional Classification of Joints
- Synarthroses - immovable (“syn-“ means fusion or think “sin” = without movement)
- Amphiarthroses - slightly movable
- Diarthroses - freely movable (appendicular)
Structural Classification of Joints
- based on binding material and presence of joint cavity
- Fibrous Joints - Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
- Cartilagenous Joints - synchondroses, symphyses
- Synovial Joints - have synovial cavity/fluid
Fibrous Joints
- these are synarthroses, meaning immovable, though some slightly movable
- connected by fibrous CT, no joint cavity
Fibrous joints between skull bones that are tightly bound by small amount of tissue. Allow bone growth during childhood.
Sutures
Fibrous joints connected by ligaments only. Most movable fibrous joints, depending on length of ligament fibers.
Syndesmoses
Joint found between teeth and their sockets, connected by collagen fibers.
Gomphoses
Cartilagenous Joints
- bones united by cartilage
- no joint cavity
- not highly movable
two types: synchondroses, symphyses
Immovable cartilagenous joint in which hyaline cartilage unites bones. Found in epiphyseal plates and ribs’ attachment’s to sternum.
Synchondroses
Fibrocartilagenous union of bone that resists tension and compression and is slightly movable.
Symphyses
(pubic symphyses and intervertebral discs)
Synovial Joints
- most movable of all joints
- all considered diarthroses
- bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
Parts of Synovial Joints
- articular cartilage
- joint cavity
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- reinforcing ligaments
Articular Cartilage
- hyaline cartilage on ends of bones in synovial joints
- absorbs compression
Joint Cavity
- AKA synovial cavity
- holds small amount of synovial fluid
Articular Capsule
- two-layered capsule around synovial joint
- made up of Fibrous Capsule of dense irregular CT and Synovial Membrane of loose CT which lines capsule and covers internal surfaces, producing synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous fluid that lubricates synovial joints
Reinforcing Ligaments
- extracapsular ligaments - located outside the capsule
- intracapsular ligaments - located inside capsule
Articular Discs
- also known as Meniscus
- disc of fibrocartilage in some joints (knee, jaw)
ligaments
- join bone to bone
tendons
- join muscle to bone
bursa
- a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane between some bones, tendons and muscles to decrease friction
Knee Joint Overview
- articular capsule
- articular cartilages
- synovial membrane
- suprapatellar, infrapatellar and prepatellar bursae
- anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- tibial and fibular cruciate ligaments
- patellar ligament
- tendon of quadriceps femoris
- medial and lateral menisci
articular capsule of knee
- not visible on models
- made up of outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane
- encloses medial, lateral and posterior knee joint
white connective tissue covering bone where condyles of femur and tibia
articular cartilages of the knee
synovial membrane of knee
- not seen on models
- secretes synovial fluid from surface of articular capsule
Fluid-filled sac above the knee cap, deep to the quadriceps femoris
Suprapatellar Bursa
fluid-filled sac superficial to the patella
prepatellar bursa
fluid-filled sac distal to kneecap
infrapatellar bursa
fibrocartilage pad on medial condyle of tibia
medial meniscus of knee joint
fibrocartilage pad on lateral condyle of tibia
lateral meniscus of knee joint
ligament running from posterior femur to anterior tibia
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- prevents hyperextension of knee
ligament running from anterior femur to posterior tibia
posterior cruciate ligament
- prevents hyperflexion
lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
- prevents hyperadduction
name of CT replaced here by artificial means
- medial (tibial) collateral ligament
prevents hyperabduction
patellar ligament
- attaches patella to tibia
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tendon of quadriceps femoris
- patella is embedded within
Joints that allow only gliding movement, as in wrists and ankles
Plane Joint
Joints that allow motion in only one plane, such as those of the fingers, elbows and knees.
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hinge joints
Joint in which the axis of a convex articular surface is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone allowing rotation. Seen in the atlanto-axial joint between the first two cervical vertebrae.
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Pivot Joint
an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity allowing for biplanar movement (flexion, extension, ab/adduction)
seen in metacarpophalangeal joint
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Condyloid Joint
joint whose opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex, allowing biplanar movement ( flexion, extension, adduction, abduction) but no axial rotation
ex: sternoclavicular joint
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saddle joint
a joint in which the spheroid surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone
ex: femur in acetabulum, humerus in glenoid fossa
ball and socket join
gliding
bony surfaces glide over each other
flexion
decreases the angle of joint
extension
increases the angle of joint
abduction
draws a limb out to the side, away from the median sagittal plane
think “abduct” as in to take away
adduction
a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body
circumduction
movement of limb that describes a cone
proximal end is still, distal end moves in circle
rotation
turning bone around its long axis
supination
rotate forearm laterally so palm faces anteriorly
pronation
rotate forearm medially so palm faces posteriorly
inversion
moving foot’s sole toward midline
eversion
moving foot’s sole laterally
protraction
jutting out of jaw
retraction
moving jaw backward
elevation
lifting limb or body part superiorly
depression
moving body part inferiorly
opposition
bringing thumb and index finger tips together
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
up and down movements of foot, respectively
