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Z Old Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • made up of the brain and spinal cord
  • integration and command center of nervous system
  • receives sensory signals, interprets them and dictates motor response to them
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2
Q

Afferent Signals

A

AKA sensory signals

  • signals picked up and carried by PNS to CNS
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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • all nervous tissue outside the CNS
  • made up of nerves and ganglia (clusters of neuron cell bodies)
  • serve as communication lines linking body to CNS
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4
Q

Efferent Signals

A

AKA Motor signals

  • carried away from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscles and glands
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5
Q

sensory input

A

information gathered by the nervous system

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6
Q

integration

A

processing and interpretation of sensory input by the CNS

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7
Q

motor output

A

the actions performed by effector organs upon receiving an efferent signal

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8
Q

Subdivisions of the PNS

A

Sensory (Afferent) Division

  • Somatic Sensory Receptors - outer, ie skin
  • Visceral Sensory Receptors - visceral organs

Motor (Efferent) Division

  • Somatic Nervous System - innervation of skeletal muscle, etc.
  • Autonomic Nervous System - smooth/cardiac muscle and glands
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9
Q

Somatic Sensory Perception Divisions

A

General Senses (widespread receptors)

  • temperature, pain, pressure, touch (via skin)
  • proprioception (joint position, postural tension, balance)

Special Senses (localized receptors)

  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Vision
  • Equilibrium & hearing
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10
Q

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • readies the body for activity
  • “fight or flight”
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11
Q

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • conserves energy and promotes digestion
  • “rest and digest”
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12
Q

Neurons

A
  • basic structural unit of nervous system that conducts electrical impulses along its plasma membrane
  • each neuron can live and function for the entire lifetime of the organism
  • does not undergo mitosis
  • high metabolic rate
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13
Q

Neuron Properties

A
  • Excitability - responds to changes in body and environment
  • Conductivity - produce eletrical signals
  • Secretion - releases neurotransmitters at synapses when eletrical signal reaches them
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14
Q

purple structure at left containing nucleus

A

Neuron Cell Body (AKA Soma/Perikaryon)

  • contains nucleus/cytoplasm
  • has the usual organelles as well as specialized neuronal organelles (Nissel granules, Neurofibrils)
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15
Q

Branched purple structures coming off cell body at left

A

Dendrites

  • shorter than axon, but much branching
  • receive signals and transmit them to cell body
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16
Q

long thing cytoplasmic extension extending rightward from cell body through the yellow structures

A

Axon

  • one per neuron
  • Sends signals away from cell body
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17
Q

Nissl Granules

A

AKA Nissl bodies

  • rER and free ribosomes within neuron cell bodies
  • stain densely on microscopic slides
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18
Q

Neurofibrils

A
  • bundles of microfilaments within neurons
  • similar to structure of myofibrils within muscle cells
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19
Q

Ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS, along PNS nerves

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20
Q

cone-shaped region of cell body where it meets the axon

A

Axon Hillock

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21
Q

branched ends of axon on the right

A

Telodendria

  • AKA axon terminals or terminal branches
  • end in synaptic knobs/bulbs at dendrites of another neuron, motor end plate, etc.
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22
Q

spaces between the yellow structures on the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

  • neurofibril nodes
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23
Q

yellow cells surrounding the axon

A

Schwann cells

AKA neurolemmocytes

  • form myelin sheath around axons in PNS only
24
Q

the cells that appear as small dots here amongst the neurons

A

Neuroglial Cells (or Neuroglia)

  • outnumber neurons ~10 to 1
  • insulate and support neurons
  • branching processes and central cell body
25
Q

Types of Neuroglial Cells

A

CNS

  • Astrocytes - star-shaped, blood vessel connections
  • Microglia - smallest, least abundant, phagocytes
  • Ependymal Cells - CS fluid producers, ciliated
  • Oligodendrocytes - myelination in CNS

PNS

  • Satellite Cells - surround neurons in ganglia
  • Schwann Cells - myelination in PNS
26
Q

Yellow cell here connecting capillary to neuron

A

Astrocyte

  • most abundant neuroglia in CNS
  • star-shaped
  • connect blood vessels to neurons
  • contribute to BBB
  • regulate ion balance and brain tissue fluid
  • take up neurotransmitters from synapses
  • replace damaged neurons
27
Q

phagocytotic glial cell

A

Microglia

  • smallest, least abundant CNS neuroglia
  • engulfs invading microorganisms and dead neurons
  • derived from monocytes
28
Q

cuboidal, ciliated CNS neuroglia shown here as row of darker cells

A

Ependymal Cell

  • line brain and spinal cord cavities
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • ciliated to help circulate fluid
29
Q

round central structure

A

oligodendrocyte

  • CNS neuroglial cell with few branches
  • one cell myelinates multiple axons of CNS
30
Q

unlabeled structures surrounding the neuron body

A

Satellite Cells

  • surround neuron bodies within ganglia of the PNS
31
Q

Protective lipoprotein around axons

A

Myelin

  • 20% protein, 80% lipid
  • forms myelin sheath, concentric layers of plasma membrane of supporting cells (Schwann in PNS, Oligodendrocytes in CNS)
  • insulates axon and increases speed of conduction
32
Q

cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron

A

Axoplasm

33
Q

Plasma membrane of an axon

A

Axolemma

34
Q

Outermost layer of Schwann cells around axons

A

Neurilemma

  • outermost layer where nucleus of Schwann cell resides
35
Q

Unmyelinated Neurons

A
  • thick axons are myelinated
  • thin axons are unmyelinated, meaning surrounded and supported by Schwann cells, but not wrapped
36
Q

What kind of neuron?

A

Multipolar

  • more than 2 processes, many dendrites & 1 axon
  • muscle innervation
37
Q

What kind of neuron?

A

Bipolar

  • 2 processes, dendrites on one, axon on other
  • rare neurons in sensory organs (ex: retina)
38
Q

What kind of neuron?

A

unipolar neuron

  • pseudounipolar
  • has one short single process connecting the body to the receptive and transmissive endings of the axon
39
Q

Function Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) Neurons - detect changes in body and environment
  2. Motor (efferent) Neurons - send signals to muscles and glands (effectors)
  3. Interneurons (association neurons) - between sensory and motor (CNS only), make up 99% of neurons, process, store and retrieve info
40
Q

CT around each nerve fiber (axon)

A

Endoneurium

41
Q

dense irregular CT around each nerve fascicle

A

Perineurium

42
Q

dense irregular CT around entire nerve, binding fascicles

A

epineurium

43
Q

nerve fascicles

A

a group of nerve fibers (axons) bound into bundles, surrounded by perineurium

44
Q

sites at which neurons communicate

A

synapse

  • signals pass in one direction only
45
Q

cell that conducts a signal toward a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

46
Q

cell that transmits a signal away from a synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

47
Q

types of synapses

A

Axosomatic - axon to cell body

Axodendritic - axon to dendrites

Axoaxonic - axon to axon, signal acts on axon terminals only, regulating synapse function

48
Q

functional junction between a neuron and another cell in which communication is transmitted via ions passing through gap junctions

A

electrical synapse

49
Q

junction between a neuron and another cell in which neurotransmitters carry a signal across a space between the cells

A

chemical synapse

50
Q

mebrane-bound sacs in a presynaptic neuron that contain neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

51
Q

space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another

A

synaptic cleft

52
Q

neuronal regeneration overview

A
  • None in CNS
  • Axons regenerate slowly (1-5 mm/day) in PNS, but not cell bodies

Dependent on:

  • extent of damage
  • Schwann cells’ secretion of Nerve Growth Factor
  • distance from damage to organ being innervated (closer = better)
53
Q

Neuronal Regeneration Steps

A
  1. axon is severed
  2. proximal end of severed axon seals off/swells, distal end degenerates
  3. distal Schwann cells form “regeneration tube”
  4. axon regenerates and threads through tube
  5. effector is reinnervated
54
Q

Rapid, autonomic motor response to stimuli

A

Reflex

  • predictable and involuntary
55
Q

A simple chain of neurons responsible for a reflex

A

reflex arc

  • made up of:
  • Receptor - takes in stimulus
  • Sensory neuron - transmits afferent signal
  • Integration Center - 1+ synapses in CNS
  • Motor neuron - conducts efferent signal
  • Effector - muscle/gland which acts
56
Q

Two Types of Reflexes

A

Monosynaptic Reflex:

  • fastest
  • contains no CNS interneurons
  • less common

Polysynaptic Reflex:

  • most common
  • contains at least 1 CNS interneuron

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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