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Z Old Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Functions of the Skin and Hypodermis

A
  • Cushioning & insulation
  • Protection
  • Excretion (sweat, sebum, milk)
  • Prevents water loss
  • Temperature regulation
  • Calcium/phosphate regulation
  • UV protection
  • Sensory reception
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3
Q

Hypodermis

A

fatty layer deep to dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A
  • outermost layer of skin
  • keratinizied stratified squamous epithelium
  • 4 main cell types:
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells (tactile)
  • Langerhans cells ( immune-related, AKA epidermal dendritic cells)
  • 5 layers (deepest first):
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
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5
Q

Keratinocyte

A
  • most abundant cell type in epidermis
  • arise from stratum basale
  • produce keratin
  • those at the skin’s surface (stratum corneum) are dead
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6
Q

Melanocyte

A
  • found in Stratum basale
  • cells that secrete melanin
  • have long, cytoplasmic processes that branch out into above layers, protecting cells below
  • sends melanin to keratinocytes, where it is stored around their nuclei to protect their DNA from damage
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7
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • oval receptor cells found in Stratum basale
  • associated with sense of touch
  • AKA tactile epithelial cells
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8
Q

Langerhans Cells

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  • AKA dendritic cells
  • perform receptor-mediated endocytosis to take up invading antigens and communicate with lymph nodes about it
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9
Q

The Layers of the Epidermis

A
  • in order from deepest to most superficial:
  • Stratum Basale (or Germinativum)
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum (thick skin only)
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Big Stupid Guys Like Coors
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10
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • AKA Stratum Germinativum
  • borders the dermis
  • mostly Keratinocytes, some Merkel Cells and Melanocytes
  • cells undergo mitosis
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11
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • cells have thick bundles of intermediate filaments of pre-keratin
  • Langerhans cells found here (endocytosis)
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12
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • contains** **flattened keratinocytes with keratohyalin granules to promote cross-linking and hydration of keratin and lamellar granules for waterproofing.
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13
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • only found in thick skin of palms and soles of feet
  • a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
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14
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • outermost layer of epidermis
  • varies in thickness
  • dead keratinocytes filled with keratin
  • protection and water loss prevention
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15
Q

Melanin

A
  • endogenous pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis
  • genetics and sun exposure affect amount produced
  • varies in color, yellow, brown or black
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16
Q

Dermis

A
  • vascular, innervated layer below epidermis
  • made of connective tissue (areolar and dense irregular)
  • made up of 2 layers:
  • Papillary layer (superficial 20%)
  • Reticular layer (deeper 80%)
  • extends upward into epidermis in egg carton-like segments called Dermal Papillae
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17
Q

Papillary Layer of the Dermis

A
  • makes up superficial 20% of dermis
  • made of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and elastic fibers
  • dermal papillae project upward toward epidermis, epidermal ridges project downward, which increases surface area for transportation of gases, nutrients and waste between layers
  • Meissner’s Corpuscles extend into papillae for light touch reception
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18
Q

Reticular Layer of the Dermis

A
  • makes up bottom 80% of dermis
  • made up of dense irregular connective tissue
  • named “reticular” for its network of collagen & elastic fibers
  • site of Lamellated Corpuscles, pressure sensing nerve endings
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19
Q

Cleavage Lines

A
  • less dense regions of collagen in reticular dermis
  • useful in surgery because incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal better
20
Q

Tactile Corpuscles

A
  • AKA Meissner’s Corpuscles
  • located in dermal papillae
  • sense light touch
21
Q

Lamellated Corpuscles

A
  • AKA Pacinian Corpuscles
  • located in reticular layer of dermis
  • sense heavier pressures than Meissner’s
22
Q

Root Hair Plexus

A
  • groups of nerve fiber endings around bulb of hair follicle that sense movement of hair and skin
23
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • technically not part of the skin
  • contains areolar and adipose tissues
  • insulates and anchors skin to underlying structures
24
Q

Appendages of the Skin

A
  1. hair & follicles
  2. sebaceous glands
  3. sweat glands
  4. nails
25
Q

Hair

A
  • Long, flexible strands of keratinized cells
  • Function: sense, guard, shield, protect
26
Q

Hair Follicle

A

A tubular invagination of the epidermis that contains the hair bulb, hair shaft and hair root

27
Q

3 Layers of Hair

A
  1. **Cuticle - **scaly-celled, overlapping outer layer
  2. Cortex - middle layer, several layers of flattened cells
  3. **Medulla - **inner layer, large cells
28
Q

Hair Bulb

A

Deep, swollen end of hair follicle

29
Q

Hair Papilla

A

Connective tissue that projects up into the bulb, much like dermal papillae into epidermis

30
Q

Hair Matrix

A

Epithelial cells directly above papilla where new hair cells divide rapidly and melanocytes contribute pigment

31
Q

Connective Tissue Root Sheath

A
  • outer, dermal layer of sheathing around follicle
32
Q

Epithelial Root Sheath

A

Inner, epidermal layer of sheathing around follicle

33
Q

Arrector Pili

A
  • Smooth muscle tissue that extends from the dermal papillae to hair follicles to pull hair upright
  • process known as Piloerection
34
Q

Hair color

A

Eumelanin - black and brown hair

Pheomelanin - blonde and red hair

35
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • simple, alveolar holocrine glands that empty oily secretions (Sebum) into hair follicles
  • found everywhere except palms and soles
36
Q

Sebum

A
  • oily secretion from sebaceous glands
  • lubricates skin, defends against bacteria, prevents water loss
37
Q

Sweat Glands

A
  • AKA Sudoriferous Glands
  • two types: Eccrine (or Merocrine) and Apocrine
  • sweat is 99% water, salts, acidic excretions
  • distributed all over skin
  • function as excretory and heat-regulating system
38
Q

Holocrine Glands

A
  • entire cell is shed to secrete product
39
Q

Eccrine or Merocrine Gland

A
  • secretes product via exocytosis
  • coiled simple tubular sweat glands that open to pores on skin surface
  • don’t extend far into dermis
  • produce acidic sweat (pH 4-6)
  • especially dense in soles and palms
  • narrower lumen than apocrine glands
40
Q

Apocrine Gland

A
  • sweat glands that empty into hair follicles of the scalp, neck, axillary and genital areas
  • secrete sweat that contains extra lipids and proteins whose breakdown by bacteria is responsible for body odor
  • secrete by pinching off of apical cytoplasm with secretions bound within
  • wider lumen than eccrine glands
41
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A
  • modified sweat glands in the external ear canal
  • secretions combine with sebum to form Cerumen (or earwax)
  • Function: waterproofing, eardrum flexibility, block foreign particles, kill bacteria
42
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • modified milk-producing apocrine glands within breasts
  • ducts open on nipple
  • present in both sexes but functional only in women
43
Q

Nails

A
  • scale-like modifications of epidermis
  • heavily keratinized
  • has distal free edge, visible body and embedded root
  • overlapped by fold of skin known as nail fold
  • pink due to visible vascularization
44
Q

Eponychium

A
  • AKA cuticle
  • thick proximal nail fold
45
Q

Nail Bed

A
  • extenion of epidermal stratum basale underneath nail body
46
Q

Nail Matrix

A
  • analogous to hair matrix
  • proximal thickened area of nail bed responsible for growth via cell keratinization
47
Q

Lunula

A
  • AKA White Crescent
  • light region of thickened nail matrix

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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