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anatomy and physiology > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four primary tissues

A

1 epithelial
2 connective
3 muscle
4 nervous

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2
Q

epithelial

A

covers body surfaces
lines organs, body cavities and ducts
forms glands

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3
Q

connective

A

protects and supports the body and organs
keeps organs together
stores energy (fat)
immune function

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4
Q

muscle

A

movement

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5
Q

nervous

A

detects and respond to environment changes

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6
Q

ECF

A

fluid that doesn’t encompass fluid in the cells
ICF- fluid that fills the space btw tissue and cells
plasma- liquid portion of blood

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7
Q

how cells are held together ?

A 
via cell junctions which are intercellular connections btw adjacent cell membranes 
1 tight junctions 
2 adherent junctions 
3 desmosomes junctions
4 hemidesmosomes 
5 gap junctions
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8
Q

thigh junctions

A

adjacent plasma membrane
intercellular space (small)
strands of trans protein

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9
Q

adherent junctions( anchoring)

A

adjacent
microfilament actin- adhesion belt
como la ebilla de la correa- transmembrane glycoprotein cadherin
helps epithelial Tx resist separation during mechanical activity

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10
Q

desmosomes (anchoring)

A

2X anchoring plague - comprised of intermediate filaments
transmembrane glycoproteins: Cadherins
arranged like spot welds
contributes to mechanical stability of the tissue (outer layer of skin and cardiac tissue)

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11
Q

hemidesmosomes (anchoring)

A

. hemidesmosome
Only one anchoring plague*
transmembrane glycoproteins: integrin
fasten cells to each other or to extracellular proteins (basement membrane proteins)

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12
Q

gap junction

A

have connexons composed of connexin
channel proteins of adjacent cells connect
allow direct cell-cell transfer of small molecules (electrical and chemical signals)
*calcium ions in heart muscle

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13
Q

snail gene

A

activations of this gene suppresses cadherin production leading to dysplasia- tumor- metatarsi

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covering and lining of epithelium(barrier membrane)

glandular epithelial- secretions and absorption.

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15
Q

epithelial 10 general features

A

1.) tightly packed
2.) form sheets single or multiples
3.) two surfaces apical or basal
4,) numerous cell junctions
5.) avascular
6.) basement membrane
7.) nerves supply usually present
8.) High capacity for mitosis
9.) diverse origin
10.) diverse functions

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16
Q

structure of epithelium

A

epical surface- top surface
lateral surfaces- sides- stick together
basal surface- bottom

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17
Q

structure under cell ?

A

basal laminar- attaches to basal surface of cell
reticular laminar- rough
connective tissue
in btw all of these layers you can find nerves and and blood vessels.

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18
Q

types of arrangements of layers

A

simples- one layer
pseudostratified- nucleus of cells don’t align
stratified- multiples layers

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19
Q

types of cell shape

A

squamous- flat
cuboidal- square
columnar- skinny

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20
Q

what are the two types of glandular cell

A

exocrine and endocrine

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21
Q

exocrine

A

secretion substances into a duct or a free surface
mucous, sweat and sebum, enzimes
goblet cells

22
Q

exocrine structural types

A 
simple- unbranched 
compound- branched 
unicellular or multicellular 
shape 
tubular- spiral  
acinar- rounded 
tubuloacinar- both rounded and tubular
23
Q

exocrine functional types

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

24
Q

merocrine

A

most glandular cells
sweat glands are in this group
nucleus- routh er- golgi- secretory vesicle out of cell- secretion

25
Q

apocrine

A

pinched off cell is secretion- mammary glands are this type

26
Q

holocrine

A

cell division replaces lost cell - mature cell dies and becomes secretory product example is sebaceous gland

27
Q

endocrine glands

A

secretes hormones into interstitial fluid which then diffuse into bloodstream.
e.g pancreatic islet cells secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
thyroid gland

28
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant tissue in the body

made up Extracellular matrix (very complex)

29
Q

blast cell

A

sprout- bud ( immature cell), derived from embryonic mesoderm.
-fibroblast- fibers and ground substance
-chondroblast- cartilage
-osteoblast- bones
blast are highly mitotic (divides fast)

30
Q

cyst cell

A 
mature cells
reduced mitotic activity (don't divide fast) 
keep matrix
chondrocyte- maintains cartilage 
osteocyte- maintains bone
31
Q

six types of connective tissue

A 
fibroblast
plasma 
adipocytes 
mast cells
leukocytes
macrophages
32
Q

extracellular matrix conforms of

A
  1. ) fibers

2. ) ground substances

33
Q

grounds substances

A

occupies the space btw the cell and the fibers
consistency varies
liquid- semiliquid- gelatinous to hard
blood- cartilage- bone
support and bounds cells together
provide medium for exchange of substances btw blood and tissue

34
Q

ground substance components

A

water and other large organic mol. complex polysaccharides, etc
hyaluronic acid- binds fibers and cells together
second type of components are
fibers
collagen
reticular

35
Q

mesenchyme

A

all connective Tx of the fetus

mucous CT only in umbilical cord (Wharton’s Jelly)

36
Q

loose areolar tissue

A

most common of CT in body
functions- strength, elasticity and support
cell types- mast cells, fibroblast, plasma cells, macrophages
(lots of cells)

37
Q

loose adipose tissue

A

cell type adipocyte
functions- energy storage, insolation, endocrine
loc- subcutaneous layers of skin around heart and kidneys

38
Q

loose reticular tissue

A

main fibers- reticular
binding, scaffolding for soft tissue
locations- lymph nodes and spleen

39
Q

dense regular

A

functions- strong attachment btw structures
loc- tendons and ligaments
main fiber is collagen- looks like sand
cell type fibroblast

40
Q

dense irregular

A

dense collagen fibers irregularly arrange
func. strength usually forms a sheet
loc- facia, heart valves

41
Q

dense elastic

A

fibroblast, little ground substance,
funtion- allows stretching
loc- lung tissue, hear valve, trachea, wall of arteria

42
Q

cartilage

A

dense network of collagen and fibers embedded in rubbery ground substance
perichondrium- in almost all cartilages, member that covers dense irregular connective tissue,

43
Q

hyaline cartilage perichondrium)

A

most abundant, end of bones, bronchi, ribs, nose, trachea, larynx, trachea tubes , and fetus skeleton
flexible, weakest form of cartilage

44
Q

fibrocartilage (no perichondrium)

A

bundles of collagen fibers, ground substance rubbery,
cell type- chondrocyte
loc- knee caps, invertebrates disc.
functions- strongest form of cartilage- support

45
Q

elastic cartilage ( perichondrium)

A

flexibles support shape
cartilage of ear
chondrocyte, rubbery ground substance, bundles of elastic fibers

46
Q

osseous tissue

A 
main fibers- collagen 
ground substance- minerals, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate. 
osteocytes formed from osteoblast 
support protection and shape 
loc- skeleton 
parece girasol
47
Q

liquid CT ( blood and lymph)

A

main fibers are not present in circulating blood but forms blood clots
liquid matrix
blood cells- erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
lymph- similar to plasma but less protein

48
Q

membranes

A 
flat sheets of pliable tissue
1.) epithelium 
serous 
mucus 
cutaneous 
2.) synovial
49
Q

mucous membrane

A

lining cavities that opens to the outside- produce mucus- goblet cells. connective tissue is lamina propia

50
Q

muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, myocardial.

51
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

anatomy and physiology (35 decks)

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