chemical recation s Flashcards
electron shell is up to
7 shells
what are isotopes
nucleic with the same atomic number but different mass number, very unstable
definition of half life
the time it takes for X to loose half of his activity
as time increases a half…… reaction decrease a half as well
definition of valence
the outer electron shell, they can combine with other elements to either fill or empty their outer share- for stability
what is potential energy ?
energy that is inactive or stored
kinetic energy
energy that is in motion
chemical energy
energy store in chemical bonds
energy is released when these bonds break
electrical energy
from the movement of charge particles
electrons/ions
used in muscle and nervous tissue
what are the three chemical bonds
ionic,covalent,hydrogen
what an ion and an electrolyte
an ion is positive/neg charge particle
an electrolyte is the dissociation of an ion in solution (ionization)
what’s a cation and an anion
a cation is positively charged ion and a anion is neg charge ion
an ionic bond is form by
an electron donor and an electron acceptor (opp attract)
a covalent bond is
is a bond form by valence( sharing outer layer electrons)
polar vs non polar
polar is e- is shared unevenly, one side could be more neg (creates electronegativity )
non polar is even sharing of electrons
hydrogen bonds
weak bonds that are form when hydrogen attaches to other atoms
hydrogen bonds shapes the molecule which makes it change in function
what 2 factors affects chemical rx ?
- )temperature the higher the temp. the faster the reaction
- ) concentration- molecules need to collide in order to react
definition for exergonic is >
releases more heat than it absorbs
definition for endergonic
absorbs more heat than it releases
activation energy
energy required to initiate a chemical rx( this is faster with a catalyst(enzyme), by lowering the A.E
oxidase
add o2 catalyst
dehydratase
removes hydrogen ATP split
decomposition
large molecules are broken down into smaller units (catabolism)
synthesis
build up of larger molecules by smaller units (anabolism)
exchange
both anabolic + catabolic Rx, maintain balance
oxidation
lose of electrons, become more positive
reduction
gaining of electrons become more neg
free radicals
unpaired electrons in outer wall (superoxide free radical)
antioxidants
substance that inactivates free radical( source is veg/fruits)
inorganic compounds
they are small and do not contain carbon. many ionic bonds e.g water
organic compound
contains carbon
many covelant bonds
what is a solution >
a combination of a solvent and a solute
what is a colloid ?
solute is dissolved and dispersed evenly in the solvent but the solute particles are large enough to scatter light. if it does not dispersed evenly is called sedimentation
what;s suspension ?
when materials mix with the liquid (float) for some time before it settle out
acid
a substances that upon dissociation produces Hydrogen ions. is a proton donor
base
substance that upon dissociation produces hydroxide ions. is a proton acceptor
salt
produces ions other than hydrogen or hydrogen oxide
acidosis
to much hydrogen concentration in blood
alkalosis
to much concentration of OH-
buffer system
consist of a weak acid or base. Is used to modify the effects of a strong acid or base. doesn’t prevent a change but rather minimize the change
buffer system equation
carbonic acid (weak acid) into a weak base. blood uses this to balance PH in body
polymer
formed by many repeating small molecules (monomers)
formed by dehydration synthesis
covalent bonded
dehydration synthesis
when monomers join together by the removal of water
hydrolysis
Rxn macromolecules is broken down into its monomers
requires addition water
what are the three major groups of organic component >?
1/) carbohydrates
2.)lipids
3,) proteins
three major components of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
PRINCIPLE IS ENERGY SOURCE,FUEL
monosaccharides
composed of one monomer(simple sugar) contains 3-7 carbons
disaccharides
two monosaccharide joined by dehydration synthesis
polysaccharide
many monosaccharide joined together by dehydration synthesis. glycogen is the principle polysaccharide in body. stored in liver and skeletal muscles
lipids
1-25% of body mass
few polar covalent bonds >insoluble in polar solvents (water)- hydrophobic
three main lipids….
- ) triglycerides
- ) phospholipids
- ) steroids
triglycerides
composed of three fatty acids attached to main body glycerol (alcohol). long term energy storage.
one of fatty acids is unsaturated meaning it has two covalent bonds.
saturated and unsaturated
saturated is even bonds for each carbon, solid at room temperature.
unsaturated- contain double bond so each carbon is not completely saturated with hydrogen
polyunsaturated EFAs
omega 3 and 6
cis fatty acid
beneficial for hormone like regulators in cell. the hydrogen sits on the same side of covalent bond
trans fatty acid
hydrogen are on the opp sides of the double bond. this happens when a cis-fatty acid is heated and pressurized. not good for health
phospholipids
composed of a glycerol body attached to a phosphate and two fatty acid chains attached. one side is polar and the 2 strands are non polar
amphipathic
have a polar( hydrophobic) and non polar is hydrophilic.
steroids
four rings of carbon atoms non polar molecule
insoluble in water and soluble in fat. cholesterol is the staring point for the synthesis of hormones
proteins
functions are- structure to body, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic,
peptides bonds
formed by dehydration synthesis, covalent bonds form btw and amino acid and a carboxyl group
denaturation
happens when a protein loses its shapes due to a hostile environmental (ph,temp,electrolyte conc, destroy the function of a protein
enzymes
proteins molecules that speeds up chemical Rxn. composed of a protein function (apoenzyme) and a non protein (co factor).
