lower respiratory system

Question 1

trachea

Answer 1

10-13 cm long and 1.5-2,5 diameter
starts at the cricoid bone and ends at the carina(bifurcation)
Pse- pseudostratified epithelial

Question 2

the carina

Answer 2

carina is where the trachea splits into the two bronchus or two mainstems bronchus

Question 3

right main bronchi

Answer 3

branches off about 25 degree angle almost straight compare to left bronchi. most common airway to intubate, is also wider

Question 4

left main bronchi

Answer 4

more narrow than the left bronchi. is more angled about 40-60 degree

Question 5

type of epithelium in trachea

Answer 5

pseudostratified epithelial

Question 6

cartilaginous layer subsegmental

Answer 6

disappears beyond this point
contains, nerves, lymphatics, bronchial arteries
range in diameter 1-4 mm

Question 7

the bronchial tree

Answer 7

nose, nasal cavity, naso/oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, L R mainstem, lobar, segmental, subsegmental, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 8

structures that do have cartilage

Answer 8

cartilages- trachea 0, LR mainstem bronchi 1, lobar bronchi 2, segmental bronchi 3, subsegmental bronchi 4-9

Question 9

structures that don’t have cartilage

Answer 9

bronchioles 10-15
terminal bronchioles- 16
the lack of support makes these subjects of intra-alveolar and intra pleural pressure

Question 10

respiratory zone

Answer 10

respiratory bronchioles 17-19
alveolar ducts 20-24
alveolar sacs 25

Question 11

alternatives names for respiratory zone

Answer 11

lung parenchyma ( structure appears at sub segmental bronchus)
primary lobule
functional unit
terminal respiratory unit

Question 12

cilia

Answer 12

200 cilia per cell
cilia is absent in respiratory bronchioles
many factors can slow cilia down, such as smoke/ pollutants, hypoxia, high Fio2, general anesthetics, dehydration, ETTS, ETT indwelling, parasympatholytics

Question 13

two principles cell types (alveoli)

Answer 13

cell type I
-squamous pneumocyte
95% alveolar surface-major site for gas exchange
type II
- granular pneumocyte (cuboidal have microvilli)
make surfactant, helps reduce fluid tension lining alveoli
considered metabolic and enzymatic

Question 14

macrophages

Answer 14

type III pneumocyte

removes bacteria and crud deposited within primary lobule, may reproduce in lung, originated from bone marrow

Question 15

intertitium

Answer 15

gel like substance made up of collagen and fiber network.

collagen believe to limit alveolar distensibility

Question 16

channel of martin

Answer 16

inter bronchiole connection-

nada mas canales

Question 17

canals of lambert

Answer 17

terminal bronchiole and alveoli connection

Question 18

pores of kohn

Answer 18

inter alveolar connections
exchange of gas
can be caused by age, disease, macrophages