metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

coenzymes of metabolism

A

coenzyme A
is a vitamin B derivative
pantothenic acid (B5]

NADH+H+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - reduced form

FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide - reduced form

transfer hydrogen atoms between a compound being oxidized and one that is being reduced
loss and gain of hydrogen atoms is associated with energy losses and gains
i.e. coenzymes transfer energy between compounds

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2
Q

dietary carbohydrates

A

sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides)
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose
starches (polysaccharides)
e.g. glycogen, cellulose

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3
Q

glycolysis

A

anaerobic process
catabolism of glucose
takes place in cytoplasm

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4
Q

when O2 is lacking in glycolysis

A

glucose– glycolysis— pyruvic acid—- anaerobic pathway— lactic acid
Next step of Pyruvic acid catabolism when oxygen is present
No ATP produced here
formation of acetyl coenzyme A

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5
Q

last step in glucose catabolism

A

the electron transfer chain

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6
Q

ATP produced in aerobic respiration

A

34-36 ATP per glucose
2 ATP produced anaerobically in glycolysis
grand total of 36-38 ATP per molecule glucose

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7
Q

glycogenesis

A

Short term storage of glucose in the liver and muscles in the form of Glycogen

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8
Q

glucose anabolism

A

excess glucose in the body- can also be converted into lipogenesis
reversible process

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9
Q

glucogenesis

A

when the liver needs to produce glucose because sugar is low in supply
is stimulated by cortisol and glucagon

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10
Q

A.A

A

essential amino acids:
the ten amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body
must be obtained from diet
nonessential amino acids:
the ten amino acids that the body is able to synthesize
complete protein:
contain all the essential amino acids needed by the body
incomplete protein:
protein-rich but lacking in certain essential amino acids

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11
Q

anabolic rx involving amino acids

A

directed by DNA,

utilizes RNA and ribosomes to link amino acids by peptide bonds and form functional proteins

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12
Q

catabolism of amino acids

A

deamination:
removal of the amino group of an amino acid
amino group (NH2)converted to ammonia (NH3)
fate of ammonia:
hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea excreted in urine
utilization of deaminated amino acids: enter into Krebs cycle

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13
Q

dietary lipids

A

triglycerides
saturated fats
contain single carbon bonds only so every carbon is bound to the maximum # of hydrogen (saturated with hydrogen)
unsaturated fats
contain double bonds between one or more carbons and thus do not contain the maximum # hydrogen

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14
Q

lipid metabolism

A

lipolysis (stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol )
lipogenesis (stimulated by insulin )

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