lung gross anatomy

Question 1

mucus

Answer 1

cover epithelial lining of TB tree
95% water and 5% lipids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates and cruds
mucus is produced by goblet cell and submucosal gland (aka bronchial gland)

Question 2

goblet cells

Answer 2

located btw ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial in nasal cavity, larynx— terminal bronchioles
submucosal glands makes majority of mucus

Question 3

submucosal glands

Answer 3

can extend to lamina propia
disappear in terminal bronchioles
can make 100mL/ day can produce even more when disease is present like bronchitis
mucus layer is 10-20 microns

Question 4

gel and sol layers

Answer 4

gel- outer thick layer, more viscous, particles stick and get coughed out- they move up larynx- mucociliary escalator ( cilia)
sol layer- lies adjacent to epithelial less viscous

Question 5

ribs cage

Answer 5

function- protects and supports organs 
plays major role in breathing 
some bones produce red blood cells 
1-7- true ribs 
8-10- false ribs 
11-12- floating ribs- attached to muscles

Question 6

sternum

Answer 6

articulates with clavicle and costal cartilage of 1 and 2 rib.
body attached to costal cartilage 2 to 10
xiphoid process- attaches abdominal muscles

Question 7

primary muscles of inspiration

Answer 7

external intercostal (downward and forward) creates that bucket handle effect. creates more lateral space 
diaphragm goes down ( flattens)

Question 8

primary muscles of expiration

Answer 8

internal intercostal( downward and backward) 
diaphragm relaxes ( dome) 
external oblique 
internal oblique 
transverse abdominus 
rectus abdominus 
increases pressure in abdominal cavity making diaphragm move upward

Question 9

diaphragm

Answer 9

striated muscle

two hemidiaphragms attached in the middle by tendon

Question 10

external intercostals

Answer 10

outermost btw ribs

increases lateral dimensions of thorax

Question 11

internal intercostals

Answer 11

innermost btw ribs

draws ribs together, depresses thorax

Question 12

force breathing

Answer 12

accessory muscles used for labor breathing
1.) sternocleidomastoid
increases diameter of chest
2.) pectoralis major -evident in COPD pts
3.) scalenus
4.) trapezius

Question 13

force expiration

Answer 13

intercostals contract and rib cage compressed

Question 14

volume changes in thoracic cavity

Answer 14

Vertical changes result from diaphragm movement
Lateral changes result from the rib cage elevation or depression
Anterior-posterior changes occur as the sternum moves anteriorly or posteriorly

Question 15

purpose of pleural cavity

Answer 15

Fluid acts as lubricant
Negative pressure in intrapleural space required for ventilation
Separates thoracic organs

Question 16

right lung segments

Answer 16

three segments
RUL, RML,RLL
RUL and RML separated by a transverse fissure
RLL and RML separated by a oblique fissure

Question 17

left lung segments

Answer 17

two segment LUL, LLL
separted by a oblique fissure
in the LUL there is a small division called lingula
10 segments

Question 18

pulmonary systems

Answer 18

bronchial blood flow
pulmonary blood flow
lymphatics

Question 19

pulmonated artery

Answer 19

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary artery. enters at hilar level

Question 20

arterioles

Answer 20

have elastic and smooth vessels
are called resistance vessels
important in distribution and regulation of bloods

Question 21

capillaries

Answer 21

where gas exchange happens
selective permeability to water and electrolytes and sugars
Important role in production of and destruction of biologically active substances: serotonin, Norepinephrine, and some prostaglandins destroyed by pulmonary capillaries

Question 22

venules and veins

Answer 22

veins have thinner walls
veins move away from bronchi and take the hilum out of the lung
pulmonary veins empty into left ventricle
called capacitance vessels
systematic veins have valves prevents backwash

Question 23

intrapulmonary shunting

Answer 23

1. A pathological process in which blood enters the left side of the heart without having been oxygenated by the lungs.
2. Physiological shunt is composed of three things:
   Anatomical shunt
   Capillary shunt
   Shunt effect