cell part 2 Flashcards
nuclei
control center of the cell
separates DNA and RNA
DNA controls all functions of the cells
number of nuclei in a cell
most cells have one nucleus from the exception of muscle cells which can have many and mature RBc/s have none.
parts of the nucleus
chromatin inside (detangled strands from chromosomes)
around it is the nuclear envelop
along the nuclear envelop is are the nuclear pores
endoplasmic reticulum is attaches to it
and polyribosomes
genes
code for specific proteins
genome
we have 23 pairs of chromosomes
ribosomes
combined a large subunit and a small subunit to form a functional complete ribosome. ribosome aligns the mRNA with the tRNA forming a protein
free ribosomes
proteins for inside use
attached ribosomes
membrane or secretory proteins
ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
helps store newly synthesize molecules (proteins)
surface are for chemical reaction
transport molecules to various parts of the cell
Rough ER
helps with the packaging and storage of proteins and forms glycogen. produces secretory membrane
Smooth ER
synthesis fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids and detoxifies various chemical. If you have to synthesis more Lipids then the smooth ER is bigger
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
this is for muscle cell, helps to sequester Ca+ ions for contraction
golgi apparatus ( complex)
receives proteins and lipids in vesicles, helps package and store them, help them in packaging them more complex
Lysosomes
- )digest bacteria and other substances from phagocytosis vesicles.
- ) recycles membrane components from endosomes
- ) autophagy- digesting of old organelles
- ) autolysis- eating own cell host after death of the cell (disease)
- ) digest of debris and then fuses with membrane to expulse that out of the cell
peroxisomes
smaller than lysosomes
contain two enzymes to help detoxify the cell from toxic substances.
they also have the ability to replicate themselves
oxidase
removes hydrogen ion and forms peroxide H2O2
detoxifies substances such as phenol, formic acid formaldehyde and alcohol
catalase
the breaking down of peroxide (decomposition )
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
this is where aerobic respiration( produce of ATP)
contains own DNA and can self replicate
aerobic respiration
most efficient can produce 36-38 ATP/glucose
anaerobic respiration
only 2 ATp/glucose produced
mitochondria enzymes
are located in the matrix and cristae
what is the cell skeletal composed of
- ) microfilaments
- ) intermediate filaments
- ) microtubules
microfilaments (Exterior of cell)
is the smallest but strong filaments made up of actin
helps with cell structure and movement (locomotion )
muscle contraction, cell division
intermediate filaments (interior of cell)
filaments inside the cell,
support for organelles
intermediate in size, solid filaments made up of different proteins depending on cell type
microtubules
big and hollow tubulin, originates from the centrosome of the cell (right beside the nucleus,
helps transport of material in the cytoplasm
forms flagella, cilia and centrioles
flagella
tail -like, helps to move an entire cell
cilia
helps move substances along the surface of the cell q
centrioles
formation of microtubules,
builds mitotic spindle in cell division
centrioles involves in formation and generation of flagella and cilia
transport protein
transport substances within the cell, use microtubules as pathways (roads)
cytoplasmic inclusions
temporary structures, accumulated secretions or storage of cell products .material ingested by cells
examples are
triglycerides, mucin, melanin, glycogen
