Thorax Flashcards
What space in you chest is your heart located?
Middle mediastinum.
What is the heart contained in?
Pericardial sac.
What are the two layers that make up the pericardial sac?
Fibrous and serous layer.
What is the serous layer of the pericardium made up of? What are they attached to?
Parietal (lines fibrous layer) and visceral (adheres to the heart).
What circulations do the two pumps in the heart pump to?
Pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Blood entering right atrium comes from what blood vessels?
Superior and inferior vena cava.
What is another name for the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary artery.
What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?
Left and right pulmonary artery.
What are the 3 branches that emerge from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk. Left common carotid artery. Left subclavian artery.
What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.
What two veins join to form the superior vena cava?
The left and right brachiocephalic vein
What forms the brachiocephalic veins?
Internal jugular vein in neck and subclavian vein.
What are the 3 cusps that make up the tricuspid valve called?
Anterior, septal and posterior.
What are the tendons attached to valve cusps? What muscles are these tendons attached to?
Chordae tendineae. Papillary muscles.
What do papillary muscles prevent?
Valve prolapse or inversion.
What is valve prolapse?
Valve cusps close but bulge upwards.
Why in the aortic valve there are 2 openings in the wall of the aorta?
To supply coronary arteries with oxygenated blood.
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What is the body of the vertebrae?
Anterior portion.
How many transverse processes are there on each vertebrae?
2.
How many spinous processes are there on each vertebrae?
1
Facets on the body of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with what part of the rib? What are these facets called?
Heads of ribs. Superior and inferior costal facets
Facets on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with what part of the rib? What is this facet called?
Tubercles of ribs. Transverse costal facet.
What pairs of the thoracic ribs reach the sternum?
1-7
Why are ribs 8–10 known as false ribs?
They don’t connect to sternum individually. Instead, costal cartilage anchors them to the ribs above them.
Why are ribs 11-12 known as floating ribs?
They lack anterior attachment to the sternum. Articulations with vertebral column via head and tubercle only.
What are the 3 main parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body and xiphoid.
What part of the sternum does the 1st costal cartilage attach to?
Manubrium.
What part of the sternum does the 2nd costal cartilage attach to?
Sternal angle.
What part of the sternum does the 3-7 costal cartilages attach to?
Body of sternum.
What part of the sternum does the 8-10 costal cartilages attach to?
They don’t directly attach to sternum. They attach to the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.
What part of the sternum does the 11-12 costal cartilages attach to?
No anterior attachment at all to the sternum. - Floating ribs.
What makes up the thoracic inlet?
1st thoracic vertebra, 1st ribs, manubrium.
Another name for thoracic inlet?
Superior thoracic apeture.
What closes off the inferior thoracic apeture?
Diaphgram.
What makes up the inferior thoracic apeture?
12 thoracic vertebrae, floating ribs, costal margin and xiphoid process.
What direction are the external intercostal muscles traveling in?
Inferiomedially. Down and towards the midline of chest.
What direction are the internal intercostal muscles traveling in?
Superiomedially. Upwards and towards the midline of the chest.
What direction are the innermost intercostal muscles traveling in?
Superiomedially. Upwards and towards the midline of the chest.
What do the external intercostal muscles do?
Pull ribcage up and out during forced inspiration. Increases thoracic volume.
What do internal intercostal muscles do?
Pull ribcage downwards during forced expiration.
Where is the costal groove?
Groove that is at the inferior margin of the body of the rib.
What fills the intercostal space of the rib cage?
Intercostal muscle.
What separates intercostal vein, artery nerve from the parietal pleura?
Endothoracic fascia.
What do costal grooves protect?
Neurovascular bundle.
Why are nerves in the intercostal space more likely to get damaged compared to arteries and veins?
Nerve is most inferior in the neurovascular bundle. A lot of the times nerve isn’t protected by costal groove and so is susceptible to damage.
What is fascia?
Thin casing of connective tissue.
What is the order from superior to inferior in a neurovascular bundle in the intercostal space?
Vein, artery, nerve.
Where are the collateral branches of intercostal nerve and vessels anatomically?
Superior border of the inferior rib.
When inserting a needle in the thoracic cavity is it better to insert the needle at the superior or inferior border of a rib?
Superior as hitting the collateral branches of a neurovascular bundle is better than hitting a bundle.
What do the intercostal neurovascular bundles supply?
Intercostal muscles lying in the space adjacent to which they run. Also supply skin at that intercostal region.
Where is the transverse thoracic muscle?
Inner surface of anterior chest wall.
What does the transverse thoracic muscle do?
Muscle that assists with forced expiration as it depresses the ribs. Involved in proprioception of ribcage.
Where are the serratus posterior muscles located?
On your back.
What are the two serratus posterior muscles?
Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior.
What landmark defines superior and inferior mediastinum?
Sternal angle.
What landmarks define anterior mediastinum?
Body of sternum and pericardium of the heart.
What landmarks define middle mediastinum?
Anterior and posterior border of pericardium.
What landmarks define inferior mediastinum?
Posterior border of pericardium and thoracic vertebrae.
What part of the mediastinum is the aortic arch present?
Superior mediastinum.
Where landmark do the trachea bifurcate at?
Sternal angle.
What vertebrae levels make up the superior mediastinum?
T1 TO T4.
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Junction between left internal jugular and left subclavian vein.
What hiatus does the thoracic duct ascend through?
Aortic hiatus.
Where does the azygous vein drain?
Superior vena cava.
