PNS

Question 1

What is a dermatome?

Answer 1

An area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve.

Question 2

What is a myotome?

Answer 2

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Question 3

What is the viscera?

Answer 3

Thoracic, abdomen and pelvic organs.

Question 4

What do viscera afferent nerves do?

Answer 4

Carry information from the viscera.

Question 5

Visceral efferent nerves can be split into what 2 categories?

Answer 5

Parasympathetic and sympathetic.

Question 6

What do sympathetic efferent nerves target?

Answer 6

Viscera and periphery (vasculature and sweat glands).

Question 7

What do parasympathetic efferent nerves target?

Answer 7

Only viscera.

Question 8

Collection of cell bodies outside of CNS is known as?

Answer 8

Ganglion.

Question 9

Collection of cell bodies inside the CNS is known as?

Answer 9

Nucleus.

Question 10

Neurones in peripheral nerve are arranged in?

Answer 10

Fasciculi.

Question 11

Nerve layer of connective tissue?

Answer 11

Epineurium

Question 12

Nerve fascicle layer of connective tissue?

Answer 12

Perineurium

Question 13

Axon layer of connective tissue?

Answer 13

Endoneurium

Question 14

How are peripheral nerves classified?

Answer 14

Based on conduction velocity and axonal diameter.

Question 15

What do Nociceptors detect?

Answer 15

Detect tissue damage, interpreted as pain.

Question 16

What is a muscle spindle?

Answer 16

Proprioceptor that detecs changes in muscles length.

Question 17

What is a golgi tendon organ?

Answer 17

Proprioceptor that detects changes in tension in tendons.

Question 18

What do joint receptors do?

Answer 18

Proprioceptor that is found in joint capsules – detect start and end of movement.

Question 19

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 19

Specialised synapse between a motor neurone and a muscle fibre.

Question 20

What is a motor unit?

Answer 20

A single motor neurone with all the muscle fibres it innervates.

Question 21

What neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic synapse?

Answer 21

Acetylcholine.

Question 22

In sympathetic neurone, what neurotransmitter is released at a postganglionic neurone?

Answer 22

Noradrenaline.

Question 23

In parasympathetic neurone, what neurotransmitter is released at a postganglionic neurone?

Answer 23

Acetylcholine.

Question 24

What parasympathetic nerves emerge from spinal cord?

Answer 24

Pelvic nerves. S2 to S4.

Question 25

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic motor nerve fibres?

Answer 25

III, VII, IX and X

Question 26

Where do sympathetic nerves emerge from in spinal cord?

Answer 26

T1 to L2.

Question 27

Visceral sensory nerves?

Answer 27

T1-L2, S2-S4 and cranial nerves IX and X

Question 28

Visceral motor nerves?

Answer 28

Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) and craniosacral outflow (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X)

Question 29

Explain sympathetic innervation of heart?

Answer 29

Sympathetic innervation of the heart originates from T1 to T4 of the spinal cord. These presynaptic fibers first travel to either the cervical or the thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic chain, where they synapse and form the sympathetic cardiac nerves that innervate the heart.

Question 30

Explain sympathetic innervation of the abdominal and pelvic viscera?

Answer 30

Sympathetic innervation of the viscera originates from T5 - L2 of the spinal cord. Nerve fibres synapse in pre-aortic ganglia and go on to innervate the abdominal and pelvic organs.