Central nervous system

Question 1

What is the frontal lobe involved in?

Answer 1

Motor function, language and cognitive function.

Question 2

What is the parietal lobe involved in?

Answer 2

Sensation, management of 5 senses, spatial orientation.

Question 3

What is the temporal lobe involved in?

Answer 3

Processing auditory information.

Question 4

What is the occipital lobe involved in?

Answer 4

Processing visual information.

Question 5

What is the limbic lobe involved in?

Answer 5

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward.

Question 6

What is the insular lobe involved in?

Answer 6

Visceral sensations, autonomic control and interoception.

Question 7

Layers of meninges?

Answer 7

Dura, arachnoid and pia mater.

Question 8

Dura layers?

Answer 8

Meningeal and periosteum.

Question 9

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 9

Choroid plexus.

Question 10

Where is CSF found?

Answer 10

Ventricular system and sub arachnoid space.

Question 11

Biomarkers of CSF in relation to plasma?

Answer 11

Lower pH, less glucose,protein and potassium than plasma.

Question 12

Where are the two spinal cord enlargements?

Answer 12

Cervical and lumbar (C5 and L2).

Question 13

What do dorsal roots carry?

Answer 13

Sensory information.

Question 14

What do ventral roots carry?

Answer 14

Motor information.

Question 15

Why is it called a dorsal root?

Answer 15

Emerges from back of spinal cord.

Question 16

Why is it called a ventral root?

Answer 16

Emerges from front of spinal cord.

Question 17

Difference between with dorsal root and ventral root?

Answer 17

Dorsal root has a ganglion, ventral root doesn’t.

Question 18

Which nerves emerge above vertebrae?

Answer 18

C1 - C7

Question 19

Which nerves emerge below vertebrae?

Answer 19

C8 - Co1

Question 20

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 20

Terminal end of the spinal cord.

Question 21

Where is the conus medullaris?

Answer 21

L1 usually.

Question 22

Where do nerves emerge from?

Answer 22

intervertebral foramina.

Question 23

Main pathway for control of voluntary movement in humans?

Answer 23

Corticospinal tract.

Question 24

What direction is the corticospinal tract?

Answer 24

Descending.

Question 25

Where are most of the corticospinal tract fibres traveling in?

Answer 25

Lateral corticospinal tract.

Question 26

Main pathways for sensation?

Answer 26

Dorsal column pathway and spinothalamic tract (Ascending tracts).

Question 27

What is the dorsal column pathway responsible for?

Answer 27

Fine touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception from skin and joints.

Question 28

What is the spinothalamic pathway responsible for?

Answer 28

Pain, temperature and crude touch from the skin.

Question 29

What are upper motor neurones?

Answer 29

First-order neurons which are responsible for carrying the electrical impulses that initiate movement.

Question 30

What are lower motor neurones?

Answer 30

The lower motor neuron is responsible for transmitting the signal from the upper motor neuron to the effector muscle to perform a movement.

Question 31

Difference between corticobulbar and corticospinal?

Answer 31

The corticobulbar tract conducts impulses from the brain to the cranial nerves. These nerves control the muscles of the face and neck and are involved in facial expression, mastication, swallowing, and other motor functions. The corticospinal tract conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord.

Question 32

Where do most of the corticospinal nerve fibres cross?

Answer 32

Medulla.

Question 33

Function of vestibulospinal tract?

Answer 33

Head movement and position and mediates postural adjustment.

Question 34

Function of tectospinal tract?

Answer 34

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements.

Question 35

Function of reticulospinal tract?

Answer 35

Movement and postural control.

Question 36

Function of rubrospinal tract?

Answer 36

Upper limb control.

Question 37

Where does crossing over occur in the dorsal column pathway?

Answer 37

Medulla.

Question 38

What do pain and temperature sensations ascend within?

Answer 38

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 39

What do crude touch sensations ascend within?

Answer 39

Anterior spinothalamic tract

Question 40

In ascending neuronal pathways where do 2nd order neurones terminate?

Answer 40

Thalamus.

Question 41

In ascending neuronal pathways where do 3rd order neurones terminate?

Answer 41

Somatosensory cortex.

Question 42

Explain dorsal column pathway?

Answer 42

Fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending
dorsal column pathways. Information conveyed from lower limbs and upper limbs travels ipsilaterally. First synapse in medulla. Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla. Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract. Second order neurones synapse in the thalamus. 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex.

Question 43

Explain spinothalamic tract?

Answer 43

Primary afferent axons terminate upon entering the spinal cord. Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract. 2nd order neurons terminate in the thalamus. 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex.