HNS Flashcards
What is held within the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobe.
What is held within the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobes.
What is held within the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum and brainstem.
What is the point where the frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone meet called?
Pterion.
Suture between 2 parietal bones and occipital bone called?
Lambdoid suture.
What is the point where the sagittal and coronal suture meet called?
Bregma.
What is the point where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture meet called?
Lambda.
What is the unfused bone in the anterior portion of the neonatal skull called?
Anterior fontanelle.
What is the unfused bone in the posterior portion of the neonatal skull called?
Posterior fontanelle.
What do olfactory neurones pass through to get to the olfactory bulb in the brain?
Cribriform plate.
What is cranial nerve I?
Olfactory nerve.
What is cranial nerve II?
Optic nerve.
What connects the orbit to the middle cranial fossa? What is present in this canal?
Optic canal. Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery.
What does the superior orbital fissure contain?
Ophthalmic divison of trigeminal nerve (V1), oculomotor nerve (III), Trochlear nerve (IV), Abducent nerve (VI), Superior ophthalmic vein.
What does foramen rotundum contain?
Maxilary division of trigeminal nerve (V2).
What does the foramen ovale contain?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3).
What does the foramen spinosum contain?
Middle meningeal artery.
What does the middle meningeal artery supply with oxygen?
Dura mater.
What does the internal acoustic meatus contain?
Facial nerve (VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).
What does the jugular foramen contain?
Glossopharayngeal nerve (IX), Vagus nerve (X), Accessory nerve (XI).
What does the hypoglossal canal contain?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII).
What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
Tongue muscles.
Blow to pterion can cause what?
Intercranial bleed.
Unfused bone at fontanel allowed for what?
Flexibility if birth canal is tight.
What vein runs over the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
External jugular vein.
What are the 2 layers of the dura?
Periosteal and meningeal.
3 layers of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
What is the largest dural venous sinus?
Superior sagittal sinus.
What is in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
Internal jugular vein, common carotid artery and vagus nerve.
What divides the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
What nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Accessory nerve.
What does contraction of posterior crico-arytenoid muscles do?
Open/abduct vocal folds.
What does contraction of lateral crico-arytenoid muscles do?
Close/adduct vocal folds
What does contraction of cricothyroid muscle do?
Tense vocal folds and change pitch.
What are the divisions of the vagus nerve that innervate the larynx?
Superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve.
What does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into?
Internal and external laryngeal nerve.
A lesion to the internal laryngeal nerve causes what?
Loss of sensation above vocal folds.
A lesion to the external laryngeal nerve causes what?
Paralysis of cricothyroid.
A lesion to recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?
Paralysis in all muscle of larynx except cricothyroid and loss of sensation below vocal folds.
What nerve innervates the platysma?
Facial nerve.
What nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
What nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric muscle?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
What nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric muscle?
Facial nerve.
What nerve innervates the omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid muscles?
Ansa cervicalis.
What nerve innervates the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1 fibres via hypoglossal nerve.
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve.
What nerve divides on top of parotid gland but doesn’t innervate it?
Facial nerve.
Branches of facial nerve?
Temporal , zygomatic , buccal, mandibular and cervical.
What innervates platysma?
Cervical branch of facial nerve.
What kind of joint is the TMJ?
Synovial joint.
What innervates muscles of mastication?
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.
Origin and insertion of temporalis muscle?
Temporal fossa and coronoid process.
What movement is temporalis responsible for?
Retraction and elevation of mandible.
Origin and insertion of masseter muscle?
originating from the zygomatic arch and inserts along the angle and lateral surface of the mandibular ramus.
What movement of masseter responsible for?
Elevation and forced closure of mouth if required.
What is the only muscle of mastication that depresses jaw?
Lateral pterygoid.
What is the lateral pterygoid responsible for?
Depresses and protracts mandible.
Lateral pterygoid origin and insertion?
Superior head - Greater wing of sphenoid bone and TMJ.
Inferior head - pterygoid plate and condylar process.
Medial pterygoid origin and insertion?
Superficial - maxilla. medial surface of ramus, angle of mandible.
Deep head - lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone. medial surface of ramus, angle of mandible.
What is the medial pterygoid responsible for?
Elevation, protraction and lateral movement for chewing.
Deviation of uvulla to the side suggests what?
Lesion in one of the vagus nerves.
What nerves are involved for sensory information from pharyngeal muscles?
Cranial nerves IX,X
What nerves are involved in motor function of pharyngeal muscles?
Cranial nerves X and XI
What innervates the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal.
What innervates the submandibular gland?
chorda tympani nerve, which is a branch of the facial nerve.
What innervates the sublingual gland?
chorda tympani nerve, which is a branch of the facial nerve.
What kind of saliva does the sublingual gland produce?
Mucous. Other 2 glands are serous.
What cranial nerve is responsible for most of the innervation of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve.
What muscle allows you to stick your tongue out?
Contraction of genioglossus.
Difference in testing of lesions of vagus and hypoglossal?
Uvulla deviates away from lesion - vagus nerve
Tongue deviates towards lesion - hypoglossal
Sensory information of anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (lingual nerve)
Sensory information of posterior 1/3 of tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Taste information of anterior 2/3 tongue?
Facial nerve (chorda tympani).
Taste information of posterior 1/3 of tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Epiglottis innervation?
Internal laryngeal branch of superior laryngeal nerve. Branch of vagus nerve.
What are between concha?
Meatus.
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
What cranial nerve is responsible for smell (olfaction)?
Olfactory nerve.
What cranial nerve is reponsible for sensation in the anterior portion of nasal cavity?
V1 - opthalmic division of trigeminal
What cranial nerve is responsible for sensation in posterior portion of nasal cavity?
V2 - maxillary division of trigeminal
What cranial nerve innervates glands of nasal cavity?
Parasympathetic fibres of facial nerve.
What nerves supply vascular smooth muscle of nasal cavity?
Sympathetic nerves from T1.
What connects the ear and nasal cavity?
Pharyngotympanic tube.
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Maxillary division of trigeminal, infraorbital vessels.
What nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscles?
Abducens nerve (Cranial nerve 6).
What nerve innervates the medial, inferior and superior rectus muscles?
Oculomotor.
What nerve innervates the superior oblique?
Trochlear nerve.
What nerve innervates inferior oblique?
Oculomotor.
What muscle in the orbit moves the eyelid?
Levator palpebrae superioris
What innervates the levator palpebrae superioris?
Oculomotor for voluntary movement. Sympathetic fibres for involuntary.
What moves eye medially?
Medial rectus.
What moves eye laterally?
Lateral rectus.
What moves eye medially and inferiorly?
Inferior rectus.
What moves eye laterally and inferiorly?
Superior oblique.
What moves eye medially and superiorly?
Superior rectus.
What moves eye laterally and superiorly?
Inferior oblique.
What cranial nerve alters size of pupil and thickness of lens?
Oculomotor.
Sensory innervation of lacrimal gland?
Lacrimal nerve, from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
Autonomic innervation of lacrimal gland?
Parasympathetic nerves from facial nerve.
What does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?
Inside of nose.
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter. Temporalis. Lateral pterygoid. Medial pterygoid.
