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BRS > New thorax > Flashcards

New thorax Flashcards

1
Q

How is the heart positioned in the thoracic cavity?

A

Apex of the heart projects forward and inferiorly to the left.

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2
Q

In an anterior view on the heart, what are the two surfaces of the heart present?

A

Anterior surface, right pulmonary surface.

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3
Q

What is another name for the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Sternocostal surace.

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4
Q

When looking at an inferior view of the heart what surfaces of the heart are present?

A

Diaphragmatic (part of heart that rests on the diaphragm). Base of heart. Left pulmonary surface.

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5
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Posterior portion of the heart. Positioned superiorly and mostly made up of left atrium.

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6
Q

What structure resides posteriorly to the base of the heart?

A

Oesophagus.

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7
Q

What are the 2 sulci that seperate the heart into 4 chambers?

A

Coronary sulcus and interventricular sulcus.

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8
Q

What are the tendon cords connected to the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Chordae tendineae.

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9
Q

What do the papillary muscles do?

A

They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole.

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10
Q

3 cusps of tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior, septal and posterior cusp.

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11
Q

What can cause valve prolapse?

A

Necrosis of papillary muscle following a myocardial infarction.

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12
Q

Area of thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs?

A

Mediastinum.

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13
Q

Anatomical position of mediastinum?

A

Extends from the sternum & costal cartilages to the bodies of the vertebrae.

From superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm.

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14
Q

Two components of pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium.

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the fibrous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve.

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16
Q

What vertebrae do the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve come from?

A

C3-C5.

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17
Q

2 layers of serous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer, visceral layer (epicardium).

Parietal layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. Visceral layer of serous pericardium adheres to the heart.

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18
Q

Cavity in-between serous pericardium is called?
What does it contain?

A

Pericardial cavity. Contains fluid.

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19
Q

Three blood vessels that arise from the superior border of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.

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20
Q

What blood vessels join to form the superior vena cava?

A

Internal jugular veins, and the subclavian veins form brachiocephalic veins which form the superior vena cava

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21
Q

What atria can’t be seen from an anterior view?

A

Left atrium.

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22
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12 on each side.

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle.

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24
Q

3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body of the sternum and xiphoid process.

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25
Q

The anterior/distal end of ribs consist of?

A

Costal cartilage.

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26
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum.

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27
Q

What ribs are your true ribs?

A

1-7.

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28
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Articulates with the inferior margins of the costal cartilages superiorly.

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29
Q

What ribs are your false ribs?

A

8-10.

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30
Q

What ribs are your floating ribs?

A

11-12.

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31
Q

What makes up the superior thoracic aperture?

A

T1, first rib, manubrium of the sternum. ​

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32
Q

What is contained in the vertebral foramen?

A

Spinal cord + meningeal layers.

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33
Q

How many facets do most ribs articulate with?

A

3.

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34
Q

What do facets on the transverse costal facet articulate with?

A

Tubercles of the ribs.

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35
Q

What costal facets present on most vertebrae?

A

Superior costal facet, inferior costal facet and transverse costal facet.

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36
Q

What does the superior costal facet articulate with?

A

Articulates with part of the head of its own rib

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37
Q

What does the inferior costal facet articulate with?

A

Articulates with part of the head of the rib below.

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38
Q

How is the costal facet arrangement different in T11 and T12?

A

Lack transverse costal facets.

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39
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae contain entire facets rather than demi facets?

A

T1, T10,T11,T12.

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40
Q

Joint that seperates manubrium from body of sternum?

A

Sternal angle.

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41
Q

What does the 1st costal cartilage articulate with?

A

Manubrium.

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42
Q

What does the 2nd costal cartilage articulate with?

A

Sternal angle.

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43
Q

What costal cartilages articulate with the body of the sternum?

A

3-7.

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44
Q

At the head of the rib the two articular surfaces are seperated by what structure?

A

Crest.

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45
Q

What is the costal groove and what does it contain?

A

Inferior margin of ribs. Neurovascular bundle for intercostal muscle.

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46
Q

Why can the nerve in a neurovascular bundle for intercostal muscles be most likely to get damaged compaired to vein and artery?

A

It’s the most inferior structure and is least protected by the costal groove.

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47
Q

Most superficial intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostal muscles.

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48
Q

What direction do external intercostal muscles move in?

A

Inferiomedially

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49
Q

What direction do internal intercostal muscles move in?

A

Superiomedially.

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50
Q

What direction do innermost intercostal muscles move in?

A

Superiomedially.

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51
Q

What 2 structures penetrate the diaphragm?

A

Oesophagus and inferior vena cava.

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52
Q

What structure passes posterior to the diaphragm?

A

Aorta.

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53
Q

What thoracic vertebrae is the caval hiatus at?

A

T8.

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54
Q

What thoracic vertebrae is the oesophageal hiatus at?

A

T10.

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55
Q

What thoracic vertebrae is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12.

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56
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve.

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57
Q

Blood supply of diaphram?

A

Lowest 5 intercostal arteries, inferior phrenic arteries, superior phrenic arteries

58
Q

What membrane adheres to the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura.

59
Q

Structures that pass through caval hiatus?

A

Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve.

60
Q

Structures that pass through oesophageal hiatus?

A

Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves
Oesophageal branches of
left gastric artery and vein

61
Q

Structures that pass through aortic hiatus?

A

Descending aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein

62
Q

Thoracic duct drainage?

A

Junction between Left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.

63
Q

What is the excess pleura present inferiorly after expiration?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess and costomediastinal recess.

64
Q

What do you call it when you have air in the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax.

65
Q

What do you call it when you have excess fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

Pleural effusion.

66
Q

Acronym to remember organisation of bronchus and vessels in hilum of left lung?

A

ABV

67
Q

Acronym to remember organisation of bronchus and vessels in hilum of right lung?

A

BAV

68
Q

When looking at a posterior view of the lungs how do you differentiate left and right lung?

A

Left lung has groove of aortic arch and groove of thoracic aorta. Left lung has cardiac notch.

69
Q

What lung is larger?

A

Right.

70
Q

What is the lowest cartilage ring in the trachea called?

A

Carina.

71
Q

What shape are the cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

C-shaped.

72
Q

Fissures present in right lung?

A

Oblique and horizontal fissure.

73
Q

Fissures present in left lung?

A

Oblique fissure.

74
Q

Diaphgram origin and insertion?

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12).
Xiphoid process of the sternum.

Central tendon

75
Q

What does the transverse thoracis muscle do?

A

Role in force expiration. Depresses ribs. Proprioceptive function.

76
Q

Serratus posterior anterior function?

A

Elevation of ribs. Proprioception.

77
Q

Serratus posterior inferior function?

A

Depression of ribs.Proprioception.

78
Q

Origin and insertion of latissimus dorsi?

A

Origin - Spinous processes of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and the inferior three ribs.

Insertion - intertubercular sulcus of humerus.

79
Q

Trapezius motor innervation?

A

Accesory nerve.

80
Q

Trapezius origin and insertion?

A

Skull, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-12.

Clavicle and spine of scapula.

81
Q

Motor innervation of trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve.

82
Q

Trapezius function?

A

Elevation, rotation, retraction and depression of the scapula

83
Q

Latissimus dorsi origin and insertion?

A

Spinous processes of T6-T12, and the inferior three ribs.

Fibres converge into a tendon that attaches to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

84
Q

Motor innervation of latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve.

85
Q

Latissimus dorsi function?

A

Extension, adduction and medial rotation of the upper limb

86
Q

Levator scapulae origin and insertion?

A

Transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae

Medial border of the scapula

87
Q

Levator scapulae motor innervation?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

88
Q

Levator scapulae function?

A

Elevation of the scapula

89
Q

Rhomboid major origin and insertion?

A

Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae

Medial border of the scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle

90
Q

Rhomboid major motor innervation?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve.

91
Q

Rhomboid major function?

A

Retracts and rotates the scapula

92
Q

Rhomboid minor origin and insertion?

A

Spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae.

Medial border of the scapula, at the level of the spine of scapula

93
Q

Rhomboid minor motor innervation?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve.

94
Q

Rhomboid minor function?

A

Retracts and rotates the scapula

95
Q

Which nerve innervates the serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves

96
Q

Which nerve innervates serratus anterior muscle?

A

Long thoracic nerve

97
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus posterior superior muscle?

A

lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, and the cervical and thoracic spines (usually C7 – T3)

ribs 2-5

98
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus posterior inferior?

A

thoracic and lumbar spines (usually T11 – L3)

ribs 9-12

99
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus anterior?

A

Anterior portions of first 8 ribs

medial border of scapula

100
Q

Origin and insertion of pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior surfaces of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

Coracoid process of scapula

101
Q

Subclavius origin and insertion?

A

Rib I at junction between rib and costal cartilage.

Groove on inferior surface of middle third of clavicle.

102
Q

Pectoralis major origin and insertion?

A

Medial half of clavicle and anterior surface of sternum, first seven costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique.

Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.

103
Q

Pectoralis major innervation?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves.

104
Q

Subclavius innervation?

A

Nerve to subclavius.

105
Q

Pectoralis minor innervation?

A

Medial pectoral nerves.

106
Q

Pectoralis major function?

A

Adduction, medial rotation, and flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint.

107
Q

Subclavius function?

A

Pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint; depresses tip of shoulder.

108
Q

Pectoralis minor function?

A

Depresses tip of shoulder; protracts scapula.

109
Q

Serratus anterior function?

A

Holds scapula against ribcage to prevent ‘winging’ of the inferior angle of the scapula.

110
Q

Spinotransversales and Erector spinae muscle direction?

A

Superiolaterally.

111
Q

Transversospinales muscle direction?

A

Superiomedially.

112
Q

What makes up the spinotransversales muscle group?

A

Splenius capitis. Splenius colli.

113
Q

What do the spinotransversales muscles do?

A

Contract unilaterally and rotate head to the same side. e.g if muscles on right contract, head rotates right.

114
Q

What makes up the Erector spinae muscle group?

A

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis.

115
Q

What do the erector spinae muscles do?

A

Unilaterally laterally flex the vertebral column. Bilaterally extend the vertebral column and head.

116
Q

What do the transversospinales muscles do?

A

Unilateral contraction rotates the body to the opposite site.

117
Q

What makes up the transversospinales muscle group?

A

Semispinalis thoracis and multifidus muscle.

118
Q

Splenius capitis origin and insertion?

A

Lower aspect of the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C7 – T3/4 vertebrae.

Mastoid process and the occipital bone.

119
Q

Innervation of Splenius capitis?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves C3 and C4

120
Q

Splenius cervicis oriign and insertion?

A

Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebae

Transverse processes of C1-3/4

121
Q

Innervation of splenius cervicis?

A

Posterior rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves.

122
Q

What innervates the errector spinae muscle group?

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves.

123
Q

Where is the superficial cardiac plexus?

A

Arch of the aorta

124
Q

What nerves forms the superficial cardiac plexus?

A

Formed by branches from the left and right vagus nerves (parasympathetic), and branches from T1-T4 portions of the sympathetic trunk.

125
Q

What do the right and left internal thoracic arteries branch from?

A

Right and left subclavian arteries respectively.

126
Q

What supplies the posterior intercostal arteries?

A

Thoracic aorta.

127
Q

What veins form the azygos vein?

A

Right ascending lumbar vein and right subcostal vein.

128
Q

What does the supreme intercostal vein drain?

A

1st right intercostal vein.

129
Q

What does the supreme intercostal vein drain into?

A

Right brachiocephalic vein.

130
Q

What does the left superior intercostal vein drain?

A

Upper intercostal veins on the left.

131
Q

What does the left superior intercostal vein drain into?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein.

132
Q

What forms the thoracic duct?

A

Cisterna chyli.

133
Q

Superior mediastinum superior and inferior borders?

A

Superior - thoracic aperture
Inferior - sternal angle.

134
Q

Anterior mediastinum anterior and posterior borders?

A

Sternum and pericardium of heart.

135
Q

Middle mediastinum anterior and posterior borders?

A

Anterior and posterior border of pericardium of heart.

136
Q

Posterior mediastinum anterior and posterior borders?

A

Posterior border of pericardium and thoracic vertebrae.

137
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right subclavian vein.

138
Q

What anchors the anterior surface of the pericardium to to the back of the sternum?

A

Sternopericardial ligaments

139
Q

Apart from axillary lymph nodes what drains lymph from breast?

A

prepericardial and parasternal lymph node groups

140
Q

Lateral borders of infeior mediastinum?

A

Parietal pleura of each lung

141
Q

What drains the intercostal vein?

A

Supreme intercostal vein.

BRS (52 decks)

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