Clinical significance of physiology and pulmonary function tests, consolidation Flashcards
How to calculate heart rate using small squares method?
1500 / number of small squares between consecutive R waves.
What does ST elevation indicate?
Myocardial infarction.
How to spot ST elevation?
ST interval isn’t inline with where QRS wave starts.
How many ms is one box on an ecg paper?
40.
Blood Tests for MI?
Troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
Blood tests that indicate thromobosis?
Elevated D dimer and fibrinogen levels.
Normal FVC and low FEV1 indicate what?
Restrictive lung disease.
What is atenolol?
Beta blocker. Reduces heart rate.
What is ramipril?
ACE Inhibitor. Causes vasodilation.
What to look for in angiogram?
Arterial blockage.
What does a crescendo decrescendo murmur indicate?
Aortic stenosis.
What shape is a crescendo decrescendo murmur?
Diamond.
Most common cause of mass in atria?
Atrial fibrilation. Blood not pumping properly so formation of blood clot.
Blood tests for atrial fibrilation?
High fibrinogen or d dimer.
FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive pulmonary disease?
Normal.
FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive pulmonary disease?
Reduced.
What kind of pulmonary disease is asthma?
Obstructive disease.
What are obstructive pulmonary diseases?
Airways diseases.
What are restrictive pulmonary diseases?
Extra-airways diseases.
Key difference in flow volume loops in obstructive and restrictive?
Indented expiratory curve in obstructive. Restrictive is same shape but narrower curve.
Normal flow volume loop with blunted inspiratory curve is known as what?
Variable extrathoracic obstruction.
Normal flow volume loop with blunted expiratory curve is known as what?
Variable intrathoracic obstruction.
Normal flow volume loop with blunted expiratory curve and inspiratory curve is known as what?
Fixed airway obstruction.
What is a normal fev1/fvc
Greater than 0.7 (70%).
Restrictive lung disease causes?
Obesity and pulmonary fibrosis.
Why are spirometric pulmonary function tests done?
Monitor progression of lung disease over time. Monitor effectiveness of different bronchodilators.
Disadvantage of spirometric pulmonary function tests?
Heavy reliance on technique and can be uncomfortable for patients reducing their motivation to apply maximum effort.
What reflex prevents long expiration?
Hering breuer deflation reflex
What is FVC on flow volume loop?
Width of loop.
What is PEFR on flow volume loop?
Highest point of upper portion of loop
How to calculate PEFR on a volume-time spirometry?
Gradient of line at beginning.
Why is volume expired is slightly larger than volume inspired?
Inspired air is dry and at room temp. Expired air is wet and at almost 37 degrees. Volume of a gas is proportional to temperature.
oxygen dissociation curve change following recovery from exercise?
shift left
What do airway bronchodilator nerves contain?
Nitric oxide synthase.
A patient breathes in sharply from FRC to TLC. How will Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure change during this manouever?
Palv= decrease | Ppl= decrease
mL to L conversion?
Divide by 1000
Units for cardiac output?
L/min
MAP equation using pulse pressure?
MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)
What is patent foramen ovale?
A congenital defect that results in a hole between the left and right atria of the heart.
Why does additional gas dissolve into the blood during a dive? Which law explains this?
At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid
Ascending rapidly without releasing inhaled gas results in?
Pulmonary barotrauma. - Alveolar rupture.
Why does ascending slowly prevent DCI?
Allow N2 to be unloaded in the alveoli while keeping it dissolved in the blood.
