Clinical significance of physiology and pulmonary function tests, consolidation

Question 1

How to calculate heart rate using small squares method?

Answer 1

1500 / number of small squares between consecutive R waves.

Question 2

What does ST elevation indicate?

Answer 2

Myocardial infarction.

Question 3

How to spot ST elevation?

Answer 3

ST interval isn’t inline with where QRS wave starts.

Question 4

How many ms is one box on an ecg paper?

Answer 4

40.

Question 5

Blood Tests for MI?

Answer 5

Troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).

Question 6

Blood tests that indicate thromobosis?

Answer 6

Elevated D dimer and fibrinogen levels.

Question 7

Normal FVC and low FEV1 indicate what?

Answer 7

Restrictive lung disease.

Question 8

What is atenolol?

Answer 8

Beta blocker. Reduces heart rate.

Question 9

What is ramipril?

Answer 9

ACE Inhibitor. Causes vasodilation.

Question 10

What to look for in angiogram?

Answer 10

Arterial blockage.

Question 11

What does a crescendo decrescendo murmur indicate?

Answer 11

Aortic stenosis.

Question 12

What shape is a crescendo decrescendo murmur?

Answer 12

Diamond.

Question 13

Most common cause of mass in atria?

Answer 13

Atrial fibrilation. Blood not pumping properly so formation of blood clot.

Question 14

Blood tests for atrial fibrilation?

Answer 14

High fibrinogen or d dimer.

Question 15

FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive pulmonary disease?

Answer 15

Normal.

Question 16

FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 16

Reduced.

Question 17

What kind of pulmonary disease is asthma?

Answer 17

Obstructive disease.

Question 18

What are obstructive pulmonary diseases?

Answer 18

Airways diseases.

Question 19

What are restrictive pulmonary diseases?

Answer 19

Extra-airways diseases.

Question 20

Key difference in flow volume loops in obstructive and restrictive?

Answer 20

Indented expiratory curve in obstructive. Restrictive is same shape but narrower curve.

Question 21

Normal flow volume loop with blunted inspiratory curve is known as what?

Answer 21

Variable extrathoracic obstruction.

Question 22

Normal flow volume loop with blunted expiratory curve is known as what?

Answer 22

Variable intrathoracic obstruction.

Question 23

Normal flow volume loop with blunted expiratory curve and inspiratory curve is known as what?

Answer 23

Fixed airway obstruction.

Question 24

What is a normal fev1/fvc

Answer 24

Greater than 0.7 (70%).

Question 25

Restrictive lung disease causes?

Answer 25

Obesity and pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 26

Why are spirometric pulmonary function tests done?

Answer 26

Monitor progression of lung disease over time. Monitor effectiveness of different bronchodilators.

Question 27

Disadvantage of spirometric pulmonary function tests?

Answer 27

Heavy reliance on technique and can be uncomfortable for patients reducing their motivation to apply maximum effort.

Question 28

What reflex prevents long expiration?

Answer 28

Hering breuer deflation reflex

Question 29

What is FVC on flow volume loop?

Answer 29

Width of loop.

Question 30

What is PEFR on flow volume loop?

Answer 30

Highest point of upper portion of loop

Question 31

How to calculate PEFR on a volume-time spirometry?

Answer 31

Gradient of line at beginning.

Question 32

Why is volume expired is slightly larger than volume inspired?

Answer 32

Inspired air is dry and at room temp. Expired air is wet and at almost 37 degrees. Volume of a gas is proportional to temperature.

Question 33

oxygen dissociation curve change following recovery from exercise?

Answer 33

shift left

Question 34

What do airway bronchodilator nerves contain?

Answer 34

Nitric oxide synthase.

Question 35

A patient breathes in sharply from FRC to TLC. How will Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure change during this manouever?

Answer 35

Palv= decrease | Ppl= decrease

Question 36

mL to L conversion?

Answer 36

Divide by 1000

Question 37

Units for cardiac output?

Answer 37

L/min

Question 38

MAP equation using pulse pressure?

Answer 38

MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)

Question 39

What is patent foramen ovale?

Answer 39

A congenital defect that results in a hole between the left and right atria of the heart.

Question 40

Why does additional gas dissolve into the blood during a dive? Which law explains this?

Answer 40

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

Question 41

Ascending rapidly without releasing inhaled gas results in?

Answer 41

Pulmonary barotrauma. - Alveolar rupture.

Question 42

Why does ascending slowly prevent DCI?

Answer 42

Allow N2 to be unloaded in the alveoli while keeping it dissolved in the blood.