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BRS > Clinical significance of physiology and pulmonary function tests, consolidation > Flashcards

Clinical significance of physiology and pulmonary function tests, consolidation Flashcards

1
Q

How to calculate heart rate using small squares method?

A

1500 / number of small squares between consecutive R waves.

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2
Q

What does ST elevation indicate?

A

Myocardial infarction.

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3
Q

How to spot ST elevation?

A

ST interval isn’t inline with where QRS wave starts.

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4
Q

How many ms is one box on an ecg paper?

A

40.

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5
Q

Blood Tests for MI?

A

Troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).

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6
Q

Blood tests that indicate thromobosis?

A

Elevated D dimer and fibrinogen levels.

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7
Q

Normal FVC and low FEV1 indicate what?

A

Restrictive lung disease.

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8
Q

What is atenolol?

A

Beta blocker. Reduces heart rate.

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9
Q

What is ramipril?

A

ACE Inhibitor. Causes vasodilation.

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10
Q

What to look for in angiogram?

A

Arterial blockage.

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11
Q

What does a crescendo decrescendo murmur indicate?

A

Aortic stenosis.

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12
Q

What shape is a crescendo decrescendo murmur?

A

Diamond.

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13
Q

Most common cause of mass in atria?

A

Atrial fibrilation. Blood not pumping properly so formation of blood clot.

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14
Q

Blood tests for atrial fibrilation?

A

High fibrinogen or d dimer.

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15
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive pulmonary disease?

A

Normal.

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16
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Reduced.

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17
Q

What kind of pulmonary disease is asthma?

A

Obstructive disease.

18
Q

What are obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

Airways diseases.

19
Q

What are restrictive pulmonary diseases?

A

Extra-airways diseases.

20
Q

Key difference in flow volume loops in obstructive and restrictive?

A

Indented expiratory curve in obstructive. Restrictive is same shape but narrower curve.

21
Q

Normal flow volume loop with blunted inspiratory curve is known as what?

A

Variable extrathoracic obstruction.

22
Q

Normal flow volume loop with blunted expiratory curve is known as what?

A

Variable intrathoracic obstruction.

23
Q

Normal flow volume loop with blunted expiratory curve and inspiratory curve is known as what?

A

Fixed airway obstruction.

24
Q

What is a normal fev1/fvc

A

Greater than 0.7 (70%).

25
Q

Restrictive lung disease causes?

A

Obesity and pulmonary fibrosis.

26
Q

Why are spirometric pulmonary function tests done?

A

Monitor progression of lung disease over time. Monitor effectiveness of different bronchodilators.

27
Q

Disadvantage of spirometric pulmonary function tests?

A

Heavy reliance on technique and can be uncomfortable for patients reducing their motivation to apply maximum effort.

28
Q

What reflex prevents long expiration?

A

Hering breuer deflation reflex

29
Q

What is FVC on flow volume loop?

A

Width of loop.

30
Q

What is PEFR on flow volume loop?

A

Highest point of upper portion of loop

31
Q

How to calculate PEFR on a volume-time spirometry?

A

Gradient of line at beginning.

32
Q

Why is volume expired is slightly larger than volume inspired?

A

Inspired air is dry and at room temp. Expired air is wet and at almost 37 degrees. Volume of a gas is proportional to temperature.

33
Q

oxygen dissociation curve change following recovery from exercise?

A

shift left

34
Q

What do airway bronchodilator nerves contain?

A

Nitric oxide synthase.

35
Q

A patient breathes in sharply from FRC to TLC. How will Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure change during this manouever?

A

Palv= decrease | Ppl= decrease

36
Q

mL to L conversion?

A

Divide by 1000

37
Q

Units for cardiac output?

A

L/min

38
Q

MAP equation using pulse pressure?

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)

39
Q

What is patent foramen ovale?

A

A congenital defect that results in a hole between the left and right atria of the heart.

40
Q

Why does additional gas dissolve into the blood during a dive? Which law explains this?

A

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

41
Q

Ascending rapidly without releasing inhaled gas results in?

A

Pulmonary barotrauma. - Alveolar rupture.

42
Q

Why does ascending slowly prevent DCI?

A

Allow N2 to be unloaded in the alveoli while keeping it dissolved in the blood.

BRS (52 decks)

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