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BRS > Regulation of gut function > Flashcards

Regulation of gut function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the intrinsic nervous system for the gut called?

A

Enteric nervous system.

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2
Q

What does activation of the sympathetic nervous system do to the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Inhibits gastrointestinal tract activity.

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3
Q

Sympathetic nerves emerging from what ganglion innervate the stomach?

A

Coeliac ganglion.

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4
Q

Sympathetic nerves emerging from what ganglion innervate the small intestine?

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion.

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5
Q

Sympathetic nerves emerging from what ganglion innervate the colon?

A

Inferior mesenteric and pelvic ganglion.

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6
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the gut from the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenaline.

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the gut from the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine.

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8
Q

What parasympathetic nerves innervates the stomach, small intestine and proximal colon?

A

Vagus nerve.

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9
Q

What are the two types of muscle that makes up the muscularis? What plexus is between these muscle layers?

A

Circular muscle and longitudinal muscle. Myenteric plexus.

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10
Q

What is the nerve plexus in the submucosa called?

A

Submucosal plexus/Meissner’s plexus

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11
Q

What is the myenteric plexus responsible for?

A

Controls gut motility.

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12
Q

What is the submucosal plexus responsible for?

A

Senses the gut lumen environment. Controls secretion, blow flow, epithelial and endocrine cell function.

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13
Q

What stimulates sensory neurones in myenteric plexus?

A

Distention of gut.

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14
Q

What stimulates sensory neurones in submucosal plexus?

A

Chemicals in food.

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15
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Sequential contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscle to propel food along GI tract.

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16
Q

What muscles cause propel food in peristalsis?

A

Contraction of circular muscles before bolus.

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17
Q

What muscles are responsible for receiving the bolus in peristalsis?

A

Contraction of longitudinal muscles widen the lumen to receive bolus.

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18
Q

Examples of what parasympathetic nervous system does to the GI tract?

A

Increase peristalsis, increase absorption, increase secretions.

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19
Q

What does the enteric nervous system to the extrinsic autonomic nervous system?

A

Modulates sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system via sensory neurones to the brain.

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20
Q

What is hirschsprung’s disease? What does it result in?

A

Congenital absence of ganglion of myenteric and submucosal. Enlarged colon.

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21
Q

What are neurocrine hormones? What secretes them?

A

Hormones that affect nerves. Postganglionic non-cholinergic neurones of the enteric nervous sytem.

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22
Q

Where are hormone containing granules in enteroendocrine cells?

A

Basolateral membrane.

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23
Q

How does enteroendocrine cell release of endocrine hormones happen

A

Food molecules, distention or vagus nerve stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release endocrine hormones via the basolateral membrane into the capillaries.

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24
Q

What are some hormones release from the stomach?

A

Gastrin and ghrelin.

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25
Q

What are some hormones released from the duodenum?

A

Secretin and CCK.

26
Q

What kind of hormones are released from the duodenum and stomach?

A

Secretory hormones.

27
Q

What kind of hormones are released from the distal small intestine and large bowel?

A

Inhibitory hormones.

28
Q

What part of the stomach is gastrin secreted from?

A

Antrum.

29
Q

What stimulates release of gastrin?

A

Amino acids and peptides present in the lumen of the stomach. Gastric distention and vagus nerve.

30
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion by parietal cells. Trophic (growth) effects on mucosa layer.

31
Q

When is gastrin secretion inhibited?

A

When pH of stomach falls below 3.

32
Q

What would you seen in a gastrinoma?

A

Ulcer (too much acid) and hypertrophy of stomach wall.

33
Q

What cells secrete secretin?

A

S cells.

34
Q

What is the main stimulus for secretin secretion?

A

Presence of acid in the duodenum.

35
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretion. Inhibits gastrin. Inhibition of gastric emptying. Trophic effect on the exocrine pancreas.

36
Q

What stimulates release of CCK?

A

Fat and peptides in upper small intestine.

37
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Stimulates pancreatic enzyme release. Stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of oddi. Delays gastric emptying and decreases food intake.

38
Q

What hormones have trophic effects on the pancreas?

A

Secretin and CCK.

39
Q

What is another name for gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.

40
Q

What stimulates release of GIP?

A

All 3 macronutrients.

41
Q

What cells secretes GIP and where are these cells located?

A

K cells in duodenum and jejunum.

42
Q

What does GIP do?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion.

43
Q

What does motilin do?

A

Increase gastrointestinal motility.

44
Q

What is the universal inhibitor (inhibits most gut hormones) hormone in the gut?

A

Somatostatin.

45
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin?

A

Delta cells.

46
Q

What does somatostatin do in relation to the gut?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion, motility, secretions and release of gut hormones.

47
Q

What cells release GLP-1 and where is it released?

A

L cells and small intestine.

48
Q

What stimulates release of GLP-1?

A

Hexose and fat.

49
Q

What does GLP-1 do?

A

Increases sensitivity of pancreatic beta cells to glucose. Induce satiety.

50
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A

Induce satiety.

51
Q

What stimulates pancreatic polypeptide release?

A

Fat

52
Q

What does peptide YY do?

A

Reduce intestinal motility, gallbladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion.

53
Q

What cells release peptide YY? When is it released?

A

L cells after digestion.

54
Q

What are some neurocrine gut hormones?

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin release peptide and enkephalins.

55
Q

What does vasoactive intestinal peptide do?

A

Relaxation of gut smooth muscle.

56
Q

What does gastrin releasing peptide do?

A

Induces gastrin release.

57
Q

What do enkephalins do?

A

Increase smooth muscle tone.

58
Q

What is zollinger ellison syndrome?

A

Where you develop gastrinomas.

59
Q

How to treat zollinger ellison syndrome?

A

Parietal cell proton pump inhibitor and somatostatin analogues.

60
Q

What hormones are released in the intestinal phase?

A

Secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, CCK.

61
Q

What does the enterogastric reflex act on to inhibit gastric motility?

A

Myenteric plexus.

62
Q

What occurs in the intestinal phase?

A

Chemoreceptors detect acid chyme. Enterogastric reflex. Inhibition of parasympathetic nervous system. Release of secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, CCK.

BRS (52 decks)

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