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psychology > Thinking and Language > Flashcards

Thinking and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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2
Q

mental image or best example of a category

A

prototype

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3
Q

the process of finding a single best solution to a problem you are trying to solve

A

convergent thinking

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4
Q

the process of creating many unique solutions in order to solve a problem, involves creativity

A

divergent thinking

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5
Q

multiple choice question

A

convergent thinking

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6
Q

essay question

A

divergent thinking

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7
Q

breaking items down bit by bit

A

dissecting

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8
Q

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

A

prior knowledge/mental set

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9
Q

sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem,

A

insight

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10
Q

methodical, logical, rule, or procedure that guarantees to solve a particular problem, time consuming

A

algorithm

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11
Q

finding out a passcode by knowing number of characters

A

algorithm

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12
Q

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, faster but more error prone

A

heuristic

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13
Q

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

A

Availably Heuristic

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14
Q

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent / match particular prototypes
ex hiring grandma rather than tattooed man to babysit

A

representative heuristic

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15
Q

the way an issue is posed can effect decisions and judgments
ex buying labeled 75% lean not 25% fat

A

framing

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16
Q

tendency to be more confident than correct

A

overconfidence

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17
Q

tendency to search for more information that confirms ones perceptions

A

confirmation bias

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18
Q

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

A

fixation

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19
Q

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

A

functional fixedness

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20
Q

what does the candle mounting problem represent

A

functional fixedness

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21
Q

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
knowing someone killed someone but liking them in the past so refusing to believe the evidence provided

A

belief perseverance

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22
Q

the child understands commands

A

receptive language

23
Q

the child learns to speak

A

productive language

24
Q

stage 1 of lang development (1-2 mo)

A

cooing

25
Q

stage 2 of lang development (3-4 mo)

A

babbling

26
Q

Unable to determine the difference between sounds of different languages after what stage

A

babbling

27
Q

third stage in language development (1 yr)

A

one word stage / holophrastic stage

28
Q

speaking in mostly single words

A

one word stage / holophrastic stage

29
Q

fourth stage in language development (2 yrs)

A

two word stage

30
Q

speaking in 2 word statements

A

two word stage

31
Q

child speaks like a telegram “go car” and omitting auxiliary words

A

telegraphic speech

32
Q

telegraphic speech is in what stage

A

two word

33
Q

last stage in language development

A

sentence formation

34
Q

sudden, all words come together

A

sentence formation

35
Q

coined by Skinner, learning by watching, imitating, conditioning, environmental factors

A

social learning theory

36
Q

coined by Nom Chomsky, we acquire language too quickly for it to be learned , have LAD in our body

A

Inborn Universal Grammer

37
Q

LAD

A

Language Acquisition Device

38
Q

must learn to speak prior to puberty or brain parts involved in language will deteriorate

A

Critical Period

39
Q

Language determines the way we think

A

Whorfs linguistic determinism (relativity)

40
Q

our spoken, written, or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

A

language

41
Q

the smallest distinctive sound unit

A

phoneme

42
Q

How many phoneme in chug

A

3

43
Q

How many phoneme in chin

A

3

44
Q

How many phoneme in thing

A

3

45
Q

How many phoneme in car

A

2

46
Q

How many phoneme in English language

A

44

47
Q

smallest unit that carries meaning

A

morpheme

48
Q

How many morpheme in people

A

1

49
Q

How many morpheme in waited

A

2

50
Q

How many morpheme in George’s

A

2

51
Q

How many morpheme in unhappy

A

2

52
Q

rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

A

semantics

53
Q

rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

A

syntax

psychology (16 decks)

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