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Psych 101 > Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are attributions

A

the inferences people make about the causes of events and behaviours

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2
Q

What is a relationship-enhancing attribution

A

an attribution that provides a positive explanation for partner behaviour

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3
Q

What is a relationship-threatening attribution

A

an attribution that provides a negative explanation for partner behaviour

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4
Q

Describe the components of autonomic processing

A

unconscious, uncontrolled, involuntary, fast, effortless, and unlimited

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5
Q

Describe the components of controlled processing

A

conscious, intentional, voluntary, slow, effortful, and limited

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6
Q

Autonomic processing is called system ____ while controlled processing is called system ____

A

autonomic: system 1
controlled: system 2

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7
Q

What is the Stroop effect

A

the difficulty to name a physical colour when it is used to spell the name of a different colour

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8
Q

Reading words is an _____________ process

A

autonomic

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9
Q

Why is the Stroop effect so prominent

A

since reading words is an autonomic process, the quick and uncontrolled processing interferes with attempts to identify the physical colour

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10
Q

What are the two processes involved in trying NOT to think about something

A

Intentional (controlled) search for distractions
Autonomic monitoring for occurrence of thought

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11
Q

What is the ironic effect of mental control

A

controlled processes are MORE prone to distraction

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12
Q

What system is involved in autonomic processing

A

the CS (contention scheduling system)

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13
Q

What system is involved in controlled processing

A

the SAS (supervisory attention system)

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14
Q

What does the connection scheduling system (CS) control

A

controls well-learned actions
- tends to require fewer resources but is much more prone to error

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15
Q

What does the supervisory attention system (SAS) control

A

controls the conscious attention needed for new tasks
- tends to be MORE accurate

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16
Q

In impersonal dilemmas, how do most people react?

A

most exert a utilitarian judgement

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17
Q

In personal dilemmas, how do most people react?

A

most people exert deontological judgment

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18
Q

What is the explanation behind the difference in reactions between impersonal and personal dilemmas

A

impersonal dilemmas activate brain regions of controlled reasoning, while personal dilemmas activate regions of the brain associated with emotion (which is automatic)

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19
Q

What is the moral intuitionist model

A

moral judgement is the result of quick, autonomic evaluations, not the deliberate outcome of a reasoning process

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20
Q

Autonomic processing allows us to make ____________ _______________ to make decisions about the world

A

mental shortcuts

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21
Q

What are the 5 limitations of the mental shortcuts taken by autonomic processing

A

representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
anchoring heuristic
framing effects
confirmation bias

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22
Q

What is representative heuristic

A

judging the probability that something belongs to a specific group or classification based on how similar it is to the preconceived prototype we hold in our brains

(ie. athletic, good looking man with a sports car is more likely to be perceived as a football player than a nurse)

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23
Q

What does representative heuristic often involve

A

base rate neglect

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24
Q

What is conjunction fallacy

A

The association between a person and attribution based on a single piece of information

(ie. a man rides a roller coaster with his son, is he just a man, or a man who is a thrill seeker - most would pick the latter based on the previous scenario given even though that may not be the case)

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25
Q

What is availability heuristic

A

judging the frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind

(ie. are there more words in English that begin with R or have R as the third letter)

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26
Q

What often occurs as a result of availability heuristic

A

probability neglect

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27
Q

What are anchoring effects

A

the tendency to rely on the first piece of information when making decisions

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28
Q

What are framing effects

A

The way we present or frame an issue can directly affect our decisions and judgement
- particularly averse to loss

(ie. 90% of student rate condom usage as effective when it is marked as “95% effective”, but only 40% of students rated it effective when labelled “5% ineffective”

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29
Q

What is conformation bias

A

tendency to search for, evaluate, and recall information based on our predetermined beliefs or hypotheses

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30
Q

Deliberate thinkers (vs intuitive thinkers) tend to be ______ receptive to misinformation

A

less

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31
Q

What is a concept

A

the mental representation of an object, event, or idea

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32
Q

What term is used in psychology to clump together concepts of similar nature

A

categories

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33
Q

What is the act of thinking around interrelated concepts called

A

categorization

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34
Q

What is rule-based categorization

A

categorizing a set of objects or events based on rules or by a specific set of features

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35
Q

What is an example of a rule-based categorization

A

the dictionary definition
(ie. a triangle is defined as a figure having three angles and three sides, therefore the dictionary definition classifies it as a shape)

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36
Q

What is graded-membership

A

the observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others

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37
Q

What is an exemplar

A

a specific example that best fits a category

38
Q

What is a prototype

A

mental representation of an average category member

39
Q

What is the difference between exemplar and prototype

A

exemplar is a real-life example, while a prototype is a mental image that can be comprised of many separate features to build the ideal mental representation of a concept or category

40
Q

What does a semantic network represent

A

Connections among ideas and concepts
- a semantic network is an interconnected set of nodes and the links that join them form a category

41
Q

What is the most commonly used level in the semantic network hierarchy

A

basic-level category

42
Q

What features makes the basic-level category unique on the semantic network hierarchy

A
  • used most often in conversation
  • easiest to pronounce
  • level at which prototypes still exist
  • level at which most thinking occurs
43
Q

What is a superordinate category (with an example)

A

the broadest form of category
(ie. saying there’s an animal in the backyard instead of saying there’s a bird in the backyard)

44
Q

What is a subordinate-level category (with an example)

A

the more specific form of category
(ie. saying there’s a grey jay in the backyard instead of saying there’s a bird in the backyard)

45
Q

What is priming

A

the activation of individual concepts in long term memory

46
Q

What is category specific visual agnosia (CSVA)

A

when damage to the temporal lobe causes the impaired ability to recognize some categories, while others remain unaffected

47
Q

What is the study of folk biology

A

the ways people in different communities and cultures think about the natural world in their daily lives

48
Q

What has folk biology proven about basic-level categorization

A

it is dependant on cultural learning

49
Q

What is linguistic relativity

A

the theory that the language we use determines how we understand and categorize information

50
Q

Certain objects and events are likely to be associated in clusters, proven by _____________

A

priming

51
Q

Westernized individuals focus more on ____________, whereas Easternized individuals focus more on __________

A

western: individual focal objects
eastern: surroundings and how objects are interrelated

52
Q

What is the Whorifan hypothesis

A

the idea that language influences how we understand the world

53
Q

Who began the systematic attempt to measure intelligence in the modern era

A

Francis Galton

54
Q

What was Galton’s belief about intelligence measures

A

he believed since people learn from their senses, people with superior sensory abilities would obtain more knowledge about the world

55
Q

What are anthropometrics, and who studied intelligence using them

A

methods of measuring physical and mental variations in humans
- Francis Galton

56
Q

What did Binet define as intelligence

A

the ability to think, understand, reason, and adapt to overcome obstacles

57
Q

What is mental age

A

the average intellectual ability score of children of a specific age

58
Q

What was the Stanford-Binet test defined as by Terman, and is this definition accurate

A

a test to measure innate levels of intelligence
- not an accurate name, because Binet was measuring intellectual ability at a certain point, not from the innate level

59
Q

What is intelligence quotient (IQ) defined as

A

found by taking a person’s mental age, dividing it by their actual age, and multiplying by 100
- therefore standard IQ is 100

60
Q

What is the deviation IQ

A

IQ measured in adults
- calculated by taking the result of one’s test score and comparing it to others of the same age

61
Q

What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

the most common test used in today’s world for determining intelligence in both youth and adults

62
Q

John Raven developed Raven’s Progressive Matrices; what is this model?

A

an intelligence test based only on pictures, therefore eliminating language as a determining factor of results

63
Q

Who coined the term eugenics (good genes)

A

Francis Galton

64
Q

What is stereotype threat

A

when negative stereotypes about a group result in members underperforming on ability tests

65
Q

What are the two reasons that stereotype threat influence performance ability

A

increases physiological arousal (physical anxiety)
causes one to pay more attention to what they’re doing, leading to overanalyzing and less capability to focus

66
Q

People hold on to one of two theories about the nature of intelligence, what are these two theories

A

entity theory: the idea that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and cannot be changed
incremental theory: the belief that intelligence can be influenced by experiences, practice, and effort

67
Q

What was Charles Spearman’s work related to

A

he developed techniques used to determine correlations among multiple measures of intelligence

ie. vocab, reading comprehension, and verbal reasoning would all be associated with verbal intelligence

68
Q

What did Spearman hypothesize

A

general intelligence factor (abbreviated as “g”)
- g represented a persons “mental energy”, meaning some had brains more powerful than others

69
Q

Did Spearman believe that “g” fully represented intelligence

A

no, he believe g wasn’t the full extent of ones intelligence

70
Q

What is not accounted for in relation to “g”

A

ones skills

71
Q

What did Spearman use to define specific skill-based intelligent

A

”s”

72
Q

Who created the first influential theory of multiple intelligences

A

Louis Thurstone

73
Q

What was Louis Thurstones test

A

examined scores of general intelligence using factor analysis, and found 7 clusters of what he termed “primary mental abilities”

74
Q

What were Thurstone’s determined 7 primary mental abilities

A

word fluency
verbal comprehension
numeric abilities
spatial visualization
memory
perceptual speed
reasoning

75
Q

What did Thurstone argue in relation to “g”

A

there was no “g”, and intelligence needed to be understood at the level of the 7 primary mental abilities

76
Q

What does the general hierarchial model display

A

describes how our lowest-level abilities are nested within a middle level that roughly corresponds to Thurstone’s primary mental abilities, which are nested within a general intelligence

77
Q

What is fluid intelligence

A

type of intelligence used in solving new problems and learning new information

78
Q

What is an example of a method used to study fluid intelligence

A

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

79
Q

What is crystallized intelligence

A

type of intelligence that draws upon past experiences and knowledge

80
Q

What type of tests study crystal intelligence

A

vocabulary and general knowledge tests

81
Q

If you have greater fluid intelligence, what does that mean?

A

you have a greater ability to learn and process new info

82
Q

How can greater fluid knowledge lead to greater crystallized knowledge

A

with greater fluid knowledge, you can learn more and process new things, turning these new experiences into past experiences forms crystallized knowledge

83
Q

Fluid intelligence ___________ with age, while crystallized intelligence __________ with age

A

decreases
stabilizes/increases

84
Q

Lower proficiency in fluid intelligence results from reduced function of the _________________ ____________

A

prefrontal cortex

85
Q

Why does reduced function in the prefrontal cortex NOT reduce crystallized knowledge

A

the prefrontal cortex doesn’t involve long term memory

86
Q

What type of theory did Howard Gardener propose

A

a theory of multiple intelligences

87
Q

What defines Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

a model that there are 7 (now at least 9) forms of intelligence each independent from each other

88
Q

What are the 9 forms of intelligence proposed by Gardner

A
  1. verbal/linguistic
  2. logical/mathematical
  3. visuospatial
  4. bodily/kinesthetic
  5. musical/rhythmical
  6. interpersonal
  7. self/intrapersonal
  8. natural
  9. existential
89
Q

Are learning styles a real thing?

A

no

90
Q

What type of setting is Gardner’s principle application nowadays

A

education/school

91
Q

There is _________ variability in male IQ scores compared to female

A

more

Psych 101 (17 decks)

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