Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
What are attributions
the inferences people make about the causes of events and behaviours
What is a relationship-enhancing attribution
an attribution that provides a positive explanation for partner behaviour
What is a relationship-threatening attribution
an attribution that provides a negative explanation for partner behaviour
Describe the components of autonomic processing
unconscious, uncontrolled, involuntary, fast, effortless, and unlimited
Describe the components of controlled processing
conscious, intentional, voluntary, slow, effortful, and limited
Autonomic processing is called system ____ while controlled processing is called system ____
autonomic: system 1
controlled: system 2
What is the Stroop effect
the difficulty to name a physical colour when it is used to spell the name of a different colour
Reading words is an _____________ process
autonomic
Why is the Stroop effect so prominent
since reading words is an autonomic process, the quick and uncontrolled processing interferes with attempts to identify the physical colour
What are the two processes involved in trying NOT to think about something
Intentional (controlled) search for distractions
Autonomic monitoring for occurrence of thought
What is the ironic effect of mental control
controlled processes are MORE prone to distraction
What system is involved in autonomic processing
the CS (contention scheduling system)
What system is involved in controlled processing
the SAS (supervisory attention system)
What does the connection scheduling system (CS) control
controls well-learned actions
- tends to require fewer resources but is much more prone to error
What does the supervisory attention system (SAS) control
controls the conscious attention needed for new tasks
- tends to be MORE accurate
In impersonal dilemmas, how do most people react?
most exert a utilitarian judgement
In personal dilemmas, how do most people react?
most people exert deontological judgment
What is the explanation behind the difference in reactions between impersonal and personal dilemmas
impersonal dilemmas activate brain regions of controlled reasoning, while personal dilemmas activate regions of the brain associated with emotion (which is automatic)
What is the moral intuitionist model
moral judgement is the result of quick, autonomic evaluations, not the deliberate outcome of a reasoning process
Autonomic processing allows us to make ____________ _______________ to make decisions about the world
mental shortcuts
What are the 5 limitations of the mental shortcuts taken by autonomic processing
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
anchoring heuristic
framing effects
confirmation bias
What is representative heuristic
judging the probability that something belongs to a specific group or classification based on how similar it is to the preconceived prototype we hold in our brains
(ie. athletic, good looking man with a sports car is more likely to be perceived as a football player than a nurse)
What does representative heuristic often involve
base rate neglect
What is conjunction fallacy
The association between a person and attribution based on a single piece of information
(ie. a man rides a roller coaster with his son, is he just a man, or a man who is a thrill seeker - most would pick the latter based on the previous scenario given even though that may not be the case)
What is availability heuristic
judging the frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind
(ie. are there more words in English that begin with R or have R as the third letter)
What often occurs as a result of availability heuristic
probability neglect
What are anchoring effects
the tendency to rely on the first piece of information when making decisions
What are framing effects
The way we present or frame an issue can directly affect our decisions and judgement
- particularly averse to loss
(ie. 90% of student rate condom usage as effective when it is marked as “95% effective”, but only 40% of students rated it effective when labelled “5% ineffective”
What is conformation bias
tendency to search for, evaluate, and recall information based on our predetermined beliefs or hypotheses
Deliberate thinkers (vs intuitive thinkers) tend to be ______ receptive to misinformation
less
What is a concept
the mental representation of an object, event, or idea
What term is used in psychology to clump together concepts of similar nature
categories
What is the act of thinking around interrelated concepts called
categorization
What is rule-based categorization
categorizing a set of objects or events based on rules or by a specific set of features
What is an example of a rule-based categorization
the dictionary definition
(ie. a triangle is defined as a figure having three angles and three sides, therefore the dictionary definition classifies it as a shape)
What is graded-membership
the observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others
What is an exemplar
a specific example that best fits a category
What is a prototype
mental representation of an average category member
What is the difference between exemplar and prototype
exemplar is a real-life example, while a prototype is a mental image that can be comprised of many separate features to build the ideal mental representation of a concept or category
What does a semantic network represent
Connections among ideas and concepts
- a semantic network is an interconnected set of nodes and the links that join them form a category
What is the most commonly used level in the semantic network hierarchy
basic-level category
What features makes the basic-level category unique on the semantic network hierarchy
- used most often in conversation
- easiest to pronounce
- level at which prototypes still exist
- level at which most thinking occurs
What is a superordinate category (with an example)
the broadest form of category
(ie. saying there’s an animal in the backyard instead of saying there’s a bird in the backyard)
What is a subordinate-level category (with an example)
the more specific form of category
(ie. saying there’s a grey jay in the backyard instead of saying there’s a bird in the backyard)
What is priming
the activation of individual concepts in long term memory
What is category specific visual agnosia (CSVA)
when damage to the temporal lobe causes the impaired ability to recognize some categories, while others remain unaffected
What is the study of folk biology
the ways people in different communities and cultures think about the natural world in their daily lives
What has folk biology proven about basic-level categorization
it is dependant on cultural learning
What is linguistic relativity
the theory that the language we use determines how we understand and categorize information
Certain objects and events are likely to be associated in clusters, proven by _____________
priming
Westernized individuals focus more on ____________, whereas Easternized individuals focus more on __________
western: individual focal objects
eastern: surroundings and how objects are interrelated
What is the Whorifan hypothesis
the idea that language influences how we understand the world
Who began the systematic attempt to measure intelligence in the modern era
Francis Galton
What was Galton’s belief about intelligence measures
he believed since people learn from their senses, people with superior sensory abilities would obtain more knowledge about the world
What are anthropometrics, and who studied intelligence using them
methods of measuring physical and mental variations in humans
- Francis Galton
What did Binet define as intelligence
the ability to think, understand, reason, and adapt to overcome obstacles
What is mental age
the average intellectual ability score of children of a specific age
What was the Stanford-Binet test defined as by Terman, and is this definition accurate
a test to measure innate levels of intelligence
- not an accurate name, because Binet was measuring intellectual ability at a certain point, not from the innate level
What is intelligence quotient (IQ) defined as
found by taking a person’s mental age, dividing it by their actual age, and multiplying by 100
- therefore standard IQ is 100
What is the deviation IQ
IQ measured in adults
- calculated by taking the result of one’s test score and comparing it to others of the same age
What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
the most common test used in today’s world for determining intelligence in both youth and adults
John Raven developed Raven’s Progressive Matrices; what is this model?
an intelligence test based only on pictures, therefore eliminating language as a determining factor of results
Who coined the term eugenics (good genes)
Francis Galton
What is stereotype threat
when negative stereotypes about a group result in members underperforming on ability tests
What are the two reasons that stereotype threat influence performance ability
increases physiological arousal (physical anxiety)
causes one to pay more attention to what they’re doing, leading to overanalyzing and less capability to focus
People hold on to one of two theories about the nature of intelligence, what are these two theories
entity theory: the idea that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and cannot be changed
incremental theory: the belief that intelligence can be influenced by experiences, practice, and effort
What was Charles Spearman’s work related to
he developed techniques used to determine correlations among multiple measures of intelligence
ie. vocab, reading comprehension, and verbal reasoning would all be associated with verbal intelligence
What did Spearman hypothesize
general intelligence factor (abbreviated as “g”)
- g represented a persons “mental energy”, meaning some had brains more powerful than others
Did Spearman believe that “g” fully represented intelligence
no, he believe g wasn’t the full extent of ones intelligence
What is not accounted for in relation to “g”
ones skills
What did Spearman use to define specific skill-based intelligent
”s”
Who created the first influential theory of multiple intelligences
Louis Thurstone
What was Louis Thurstones test
examined scores of general intelligence using factor analysis, and found 7 clusters of what he termed “primary mental abilities”
What were Thurstone’s determined 7 primary mental abilities
word fluency
verbal comprehension
numeric abilities
spatial visualization
memory
perceptual speed
reasoning
What did Thurstone argue in relation to “g”
there was no “g”, and intelligence needed to be understood at the level of the 7 primary mental abilities
What does the general hierarchial model display
describes how our lowest-level abilities are nested within a middle level that roughly corresponds to Thurstone’s primary mental abilities, which are nested within a general intelligence
What is fluid intelligence
type of intelligence used in solving new problems and learning new information
What is an example of a method used to study fluid intelligence
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
What is crystallized intelligence
type of intelligence that draws upon past experiences and knowledge
What type of tests study crystal intelligence
vocabulary and general knowledge tests
If you have greater fluid intelligence, what does that mean?
you have a greater ability to learn and process new info
How can greater fluid knowledge lead to greater crystallized knowledge
with greater fluid knowledge, you can learn more and process new things, turning these new experiences into past experiences forms crystallized knowledge
Fluid intelligence ___________ with age, while crystallized intelligence __________ with age
decreases
stabilizes/increases
Lower proficiency in fluid intelligence results from reduced function of the _________________ ____________
prefrontal cortex
Why does reduced function in the prefrontal cortex NOT reduce crystallized knowledge
the prefrontal cortex doesn’t involve long term memory
What type of theory did Howard Gardener propose
a theory of multiple intelligences
What defines Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences
a model that there are 7 (now at least 9) forms of intelligence each independent from each other
What are the 9 forms of intelligence proposed by Gardner
- verbal/linguistic
- logical/mathematical
- visuospatial
- bodily/kinesthetic
- musical/rhythmical
- interpersonal
- self/intrapersonal
- natural
- existential
Are learning styles a real thing?
no
What type of setting is Gardner’s principle application nowadays
education/school
There is _________ variability in male IQ scores compared to female
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