Human Motivation

Question 1

What are antecedent conditions

Answer 1

external events, social contexts, etc.

Question 2

What are internal processes

Answer 2

needs, cognitions, emotions, etc.

Question 3

What is motivation

Answer 3

internal processes that activate, energize, and sustain behaviour towards specific goals

Question 4

What is a need

Answer 4

something that is necessary for us to live a healthy life

Question 5

What is cognition

Answer 5

mental events

Question 6

What is emotion

Answer 6

a feeling involving physiological, behavioural, and cognitive reactions to internal and external events

Question 7

What is an instinct

Answer 7

a complex behaviour that is natural throughout a species that is unlearned

Question 8

What is evolutionary theory

Answer 8

we are “hard-wired” to engage in certain behaviours for survival reasons

Question 9

What is drive reduction theory

Answer 9

need; drive; drive-reducing behaviour

Question 10

What is the “need” referring to in drive-reduction theory

Answer 10

state of deprivation that activates and directs behaviour to alleviate the deprivation

Question 11

What is the “drive” referring to in drive-reduction theory

Answer 11

an aroused state of tension that typically arises from a need (DRIVES our behaviour)

Question 12

Using the example of eating an apple, what are the three portions of drive-reduction behaviour

Answer 12

need: hunger
drive: eating an apple
homeostasis: satiated

Question 13

What does optimal arousal theory define

Answer 13

people often seek to increase rather than decrease tension

Question 14

What is incentive theory

Answer 14

external influences make us want to do something

Question 15

What is an intrinsic influence

Answer 15

Performance of an
activity for the satisfaction of the
activity itself

Question 16

What is an extrinsic influence

Answer 16

Performance of an
activity to obtain some external
outcome

Question 17

What is expectancy theory

Answer 17

subjective prediction of the likelihood of future events

Question 18

What is efficacy expectancy

Answer 18

judgement of our ability to carry out a specific task effectively

Question 19

What is outcome expectancy

Answer 19

judgement that a specific action will result in a specific outcome

Question 20

Aside from efficacy and outcome, what drives expectation

Answer 20

value

Question 21

What part of the brain is triggered when blood sugar is LOW

Answer 21

lateral hypothalamus

Question 22

What part of the brain is triggered when blood sugar is HIGH

Answer 22

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 23

What other factors aside from biological impact eating

Answer 23

attention to eating, variety, unit bias (portion sizes), social contexts, etc.

Question 24

What is libido

Answer 24

motivation for sexual interactions

Question 25

What is sexual selection

Answer 25

differential success in competition for access to mates based on differences in heritable traits

Question 26

What are the two types of sexual selections

Answer 26

intrasexual and intersexual

Question 27

What is intrasexual selection

Answer 27

competition between the same sex to gain access to members of the other sex

Question 28

What is intersexual selection

Answer 28

competition between members of one sex to be chosen by the other sex

Question 29

What is differential parental investment

Answer 29

- the sex that is more involved in gestating and rearing offspring is more selective about mating - the sex that is less involved in gestating and rearing offspring is less likely to be selective about mating

Question 30

Women tend to ______________ while men tend to _______________ about sexual partners

Answer 30

women: understate men: overstate

Question 31

What is different about the brain in transgender individuals compared to straight individuals

Answer 31

higher volume of nuclei in the hypothalamus

Question 32

What did Maslow describe in relation to motivation

Answer 32

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 33

At the highest point of Maslow's model lies __________________

Answer 33

self-actualization

Question 34

What is self-actualization

Answer 34

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being

Question 35

Is the hierarchy portion of Maslow's model entirely accurate?

Answer 35

no, some motivations can occur simultaneously or in different level of priority depending on the culture/setting

Question 36

What is the need to belong in relation to motivation

Answer 36

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each others well-being

Question 37

What factor is the most important for our well-being

Answer 37

sense of permanence

Question 38

What is passionate love defined by

Answer 38

the physical and emotional longing for another person

Question 39

What is companionate love defined by

Answer 39

the tenderness and affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

Question 40

What is terror management theory (TMT)

Answer 40

a psychological perspective asserting that the fear of mortality influences human decision-making, particularly behaviours that preserve self-esteem and our sense of belonging

Question 41

What are anxiety buffers

Answer 41

concepts and beliefs that prevent death-related anxiety from entering our conscious mind

Question 42

What is the anxiety buffer: the cultural world view

Answer 42

a belief system about how our world should work

Question 43

What is the anxiety buffer: self-esteem

Answer 43

feelings that make us feel significant and valued

Question 44

What is an approach goal

Answer 44

an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn towards for reward or satisfaction

Question 45

What is an avoidance goal

Answer 45

an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome like shame or embarrassment by completing a task

Question 46

What are the three outlined universal needs for psychological existance

Answer 46

relatedness autonomy competence

Question 47

What is relatedness

Answer 47

how relatable and connected you feel to others

Question 48

What is autonomy

Answer 48

the need to feel in control of your own life

Question 49

What is competence

Answer 49

the ability to perform a task at a skill-level that is satisfying to the individual

Question 50

Our motivation isn't necessarily driven by how intelligent we are, but actually by....

Answer 50

how intelligent we THINK we are

Question 51

The effect that your own ability perception has on motivation is called...

Answer 51

self-efficacy

Question 52

What is self-efficacy

Answer 52

an individual's confidence that he/she can perform a task in order to solve a problem

Question 53

Themes of wanting to have control over your own life and make your own decisions are a part of...

Answer 53

self-determination theory

Question 54

What is amotivational

Answer 54

having little to no motivation or drive to perform a behaviour

Question 55

Do rewards truly improve motivation?

Answer 55

no, it has been proven those offered rewards actually feel less drive while completing a task and take longer because they are under less stress

Question 56

What is the over-justification effect

Answer 56

the change from being internally motivated to being motivated by reward

Question 57

Western culture motivation tends to be _____________ and ________________ motivated

Answer 57

autonomic and individually motivated

Question 58

Eastern culture motivation tends to be _____________ based and ___________

Answer 58

society based and inclusive

Question 59

What is affiliation motivation

Answer 59

the need to have at least a few permanent meaningful relationships

Question 60

If a student is a pre-med major because he is curious about how the body works and how it recovers from disease, psychologists would say that he has ________ motives. If the student is studying pre-med only because he thinks this major will impress people, then psychologists would say that he has ________ motives.

Answer 60

mastery, performance

Question 61

A recent immigrant from Korea is working on a group project with two Canadian colleagues whose families immigrated to Canada several generations ago. The assignment is quite boring and was assigned by the regional manager of the company they work for. Based on what you’ve read in this module, how will the Korean-Canadian differ from his Canadian colleagues?

Answer 61

The Korean-Canadian’s negative emotions will not be affected when he is thinking about his Korean culture