Psychological Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What does psychopathology refer to
A
defining and recognizing mental disorders and illnesses
2
Q
What is the current definition of psychological disorders
A
persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
3
Q
Within the definition of psychological disorders, what does deviant mean
A
abnormal behaviour or thoughts
4
Q
Within the definition of psychological disorders, what does distressful mean
A
upsetting behaviour or thoughts
5
Q
Within the definition of psychological disorders, what does dysfunctional mean
A
prevention of normal behaviour or thoughts
6
Q
What is DSM-5
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- structured interview with the patient about observable behaviours or behaviours
- diagnosis is based on consensus on clusters of symptoms
7
Q
What is generalized anxiety disorder classified by
A
worry
8
Q
What is the general description of generalized anxiety disorder?
A
unrealistic, excessive, persistent anxiety with no link to any specific source or stressor
9
Q
What are the emotional symptoms of GAD
A
feeling tense, nervous, and on edge
9
Q
What are the physical symptoms of GAD
A
racing heart, motor tension, shakiness
10
Q
What are the cognitive symptoms of GAD
A
bias for negative information, less ability to focus
11
Q
What is the lifetime prevalence of GAD in North America (what percentage of people will have GAD at some point in their lifetime)
A
5%
12
Q
Is GAD more common in women or men
A
women
13
Q
Is GAD genetic
A
weakly, not really
14
Q
If GAD is not genetic, what is its cause
A
often triggered by the convergence of stresses
- fear a loss of control
15
Q
______________ gives a false sense of control
A
worrying
16
Q
What is panic disorder characterized by
A
panic
17
Q
What happens in panic disorder
A
symptoms are mainly physical, including: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling, tingling, dizziness, nausea
symptoms are misinterpreted cognitively - we do not understand WHY these symptoms are occurring and it is often mistaken for something else, which feeds back into the original anxiety/fear
18
Q
Is panic disorder caused by a specific event or stressor
A
no, there is no predictable context or reason
19
Q
What is the difference between generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder
A
GAD = constant state of worry
panic disorder = discrete instances of immense fear
20
Q
Are panic attacks automatically panic disorder?
A
no
21
Q
What’s the prevalence of panic disorder
A
1-2%
22
Q
What is OCD characterized by
A
unwanted thoughts and dysfunctional actions
23
Q
What are obsessions in OCD
A
persistent unwanted thoughts, ideas, or images
24
What are compulsions in OCD
actions that people feel compelled to do to relieve anxiety
- non-functional (doesn't relieve anxiety) and ritualistic (hard for brain to refuse doing these actions)
25
What is the prevalence of OCD
2%
26
What is different about the gender split for OCD compared to GAD and panic disorder
GAD and panic: women are 2x as susceptible
OCD: equal between men and women
27
What is the biological explanation for OCD
elevated glucose consumption in the brain
28
What are some anxiety treatment examples that are done to break the association between the emotion and the event
relaxation - does not work for GAD
systemic desensitization/exposure therapy
29
Aside from treatments done to break the association, what treatment options are left for anxiety disorders
drugs to treat the biological effects of anxiety (CNS depressants)
30
What is cognitive-behaviour therapy
focus on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviours
31
How does successful cognitive-behaviour therapy help ease anxiety
- distress decreases
- behaviour becomes functional
- physiological arousal subsides
- think in more adaptive ways, which in turn improves the outcome of events and behaviours
32
What is the level of least severity of mood disorders
feeling blue
33
What is within the second level severity of mood disorders
seasonal affective disorder and dysthymic disorder
34
What is within the highest level severity of mood disorders
major depression and bipolar disorder
35
What is the prevalence of major depression disorder in Canada
12% of adults
36
Who is more likely to have major depression
women
37
Is major depression found more commonly in older or younger people
younger, and the age continues to decrease
38
What causes major depressive disorder biologically
differences in levels of neurotransmitters
- norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
changes in cognition
39
What neurotransmitters are in dysregulation in major depression disorder
norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
40
What is bipolar disorder
cycling through patterns of depression and mania
41
What is mania
physically: high energy, activity, decreased eating, sleep
mood: elation and exhilaration (can become irritable/angry)
cognitively: racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem
*leads to engagement in pleasurable behaviours that may lead to painful outcomes
42
What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder in Canada
relatively uncommon (1%)
43
Who is more prone to bipolar disorder
it is equally common among all genders
- higher risk in those of higher socioeconomic status*
44
Is bipolar disorder genetic?
yes, family members seem to share diagnoses
45
What is the biological explanation for bipolar disorder?
dopamine regulation is thrown off
46
What therapy types are used to treat mood disorders
drug therapies and shock therapy
47
What type of drug therapies are used to treat mood disorders
anti-depressants can be used to increase the amount of seratonin or norepinephrine (agonist drugs)
- however, these have a gradual effect and don't work right away because of the physical operation of the drug
lithium carbonate can be used for bipolar disorder (mood stabilizing)
48
What are some drug alternatives for mood disorders
aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy
49
What is shock therapy and how is it used
patients are shocked with 100V to the brain under general anesthetic with muscle relaxants
- limited for SEVERE cases where nothing is working
- nobody actually knows how it works, it just does!
50
What is schizophrenia
a disorder involving delusional and disorganized thinking, with changes in perception and thinking
51
What class of disorders what schizophrenia originally included in
dementia
52
What year was the term "schizophrenia" introduced
1911
53
What does the term schizophrenia actually mean
your mind is split from the reality happening around you
54
What are the impacts on thought and language by schizophrenia
idiosyncratic thoughts and associations that interfere with the ability to maintain a logical and consistent train of thought
- thoughts that the patient gets but other people don't
"word salad": real words but words that don't fit together
55
What are the impacts of delusional thinking as a result of schizophrenia
delusions of grandeur: belief in special power or characteristics of oneself (thinking you are Harry Potter)
delusions of persecution: believing people are plotting against you
delusions of reference: thinking people are referencing you or focusing on you specifically in a general setting (ie. the prof keeps lecturing about me specifically)
thought insertion: thinking someone else is in control of your thoughts/actions
56
What is the perceptual influence of schizophrenia
hallucinations: reposts of sensory stimulation when no such stimulation is present
- auditory: voices in your head
- visual: visions of people/objects that arent there
- tactile, taste, and somatic: eg. bugs crawling on your skin when there are no bugs at all
57
What is the disturbance in affect as a result of schizophrenia
flat affect: flat facial expressions, speak monotone
- flat affect shows very poor prognosis*
difficulty controlling/expressing emotions
- laugh in sad situations, cry in response to humour, etc.
58
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia
added experiences that others don't have
- ie. hallucinations, delusional thinking, thought disturbances
59
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia
absence of things that others have
- ie. flat affect, impaired relationships, lack of pleasure
60
Of positive and negative symptoms, which leads to a better prognosis
positive (added) symptoms
61
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the population
1%
62
Who is most prone to schizophrenia
low SES and low education individuals
63
What is the biological explanation for schizophrenia
two genetic markers: eye movement and neurocognitive deficits (difficulties in memory and attention)
- also risk in the prenatal environment if the mother is diagnosed with the flu during the second trimester (we don't know why though)
64
What are the neurological changes in those with schizophrenia
- enlarged brain ventricles (occurs before onset of disease)...could indicate loss of brain volume (but this doesn't happen in all schizophrenia patients)
- reduced blood flow in frontal lobes (difference in frontal lobe activity)...more common when the negative symptoms are present (worse prognosis)
65
What is different about the hollow mask effect for those with schizophrenia
they are not fooled by the hollow mask illusion
- could suggest interruptions in top-down processing in those with the disorder
66
What happens to neurotranmitter functioning in those with schizophrenia
excess amounts of dopamine (dysfunctional regulation in frontal lobes and lymbic system)
67
What is the diathesis-stress approach
interaction between the genetics and the environment could lead to onset of schizophrenia
- if you have the genetic predisposition, environmental stress could lead to onset of the disease
68
What type of drugs are used to treat schizophrenia
antipsychotic drugs
- they treat symptoms of psychosis, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thinking
69
What antipsychotics are used to target positive symptoms
chlorpromazine
70
What antipsychotics are used to target negative symptoms
clozapine
71
What is the downfall of antipsychotic drugs
side effects
- tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of muscles, common in the face and jaw but can be whole body)
72
What are personality disorders
longstanding, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour that deviate from cultural norms and impair social and occupational functioning
73
What are personality disorders usually accompanied by
other psychological disorders (schizophrenia, anxiety, etc.)
74
What occurs in cluster A of personality disorders
odd or eccentric behaviours
- paranoid personality disorder
- schizoid personality disorder
- scizotypical personality disorder
75
What occurs in cluster B of personality disorders
dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviours
- antisocial personality disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder
- narcissistic personality disorder
76
What occurs in cluster C of personality disorders
anxious or fearful behaviours
- avoidant personality disorder
- dependant personality disorder
- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
77
What is histrionic personality disorder
attention-seeking
- dramatic behaviour to get attention
- manipulative, sexually provocative and seductive
- inappropriate expression of emotion
very appearance-focussed - considered shallow and self-centred
78
What is the prevalence rate of histrionic personality disorder
2-3%
79
Who is more prone to histrionic personality disorder
women - especially those who are divorced or separated
80
What is borderline personality disorder
pervasive instability of mood, relationships, and self image
- unstable sense of self, feelings of emptiness
- alternate between idealization and devaluation of loved ones
- rapid, intense shifts into negative emotions
results in a lot of impulsivity
81
Who is most prone to borderline personality disorder
women
82
What is the prevalence of borderline personality disorder
1-2%
83
How is borderline personality disorder different in criminals
traits are VERY predictive of extreme levels of violence
84
What is antisocial personality disorder
lack of conformity to social norms and legal standards
- disregard for others' rights
- similar to psychopathy
results in deceitful, impulsive, and remorse-lacking actions
85
What is the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder
1-3%
86
Who is more prone to antisocial personality disorder
3% males
1% females
*more common in young adults, and people of low SES
*often co-exists with substance abuse
