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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What does psychopathology refer to

A

defining and recognizing mental disorders and illnesses

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2
Q

What is the current definition of psychological disorders

A

persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

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3
Q

Within the definition of psychological disorders, what does deviant mean

A

abnormal behaviour or thoughts

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4
Q

Within the definition of psychological disorders, what does distressful mean

A

upsetting behaviour or thoughts

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5
Q

Within the definition of psychological disorders, what does dysfunctional mean

A

prevention of normal behaviour or thoughts

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6
Q

What is DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- structured interview with the patient about observable behaviours or behaviours
- diagnosis is based on consensus on clusters of symptoms

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7
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder classified by

A

worry

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8
Q

What is the general description of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

unrealistic, excessive, persistent anxiety with no link to any specific source or stressor

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9
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of GAD

A

feeling tense, nervous, and on edge

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9
Q

What are the physical symptoms of GAD

A

racing heart, motor tension, shakiness

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10
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of GAD

A

bias for negative information, less ability to focus

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11
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of GAD in North America (what percentage of people will have GAD at some point in their lifetime)

A

5%

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12
Q

Is GAD more common in women or men

A

women

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13
Q

Is GAD genetic

A

weakly, not really

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14
Q

If GAD is not genetic, what is its cause

A

often triggered by the convergence of stresses
- fear a loss of control

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15
Q

______________ gives a false sense of control

A

worrying

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16
Q

What is panic disorder characterized by

A

panic

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17
Q

What happens in panic disorder

A

symptoms are mainly physical, including: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling, tingling, dizziness, nausea
symptoms are misinterpreted cognitively - we do not understand WHY these symptoms are occurring and it is often mistaken for something else, which feeds back into the original anxiety/fear

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18
Q

Is panic disorder caused by a specific event or stressor

A

no, there is no predictable context or reason

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19
Q

What is the difference between generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder

A

GAD = constant state of worry
panic disorder = discrete instances of immense fear

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20
Q

Are panic attacks automatically panic disorder?

A

no

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21
Q

What’s the prevalence of panic disorder

A

1-2%

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22
Q

What is OCD characterized by

A

unwanted thoughts and dysfunctional actions

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23
Q

What are obsessions in OCD

A

persistent unwanted thoughts, ideas, or images

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24
Q

What are compulsions in OCD

A

actions that people feel compelled to do to relieve anxiety
- non-functional (doesn’t relieve anxiety) and ritualistic (hard for brain to refuse doing these actions)

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25
Q

What is the prevalence of OCD

A

2%

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26
Q

What is different about the gender split for OCD compared to GAD and panic disorder

A

GAD and panic: women are 2x as susceptible
OCD: equal between men and women

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27
Q

What is the biological explanation for OCD

A

elevated glucose consumption in the brain

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28
Q

What are some anxiety treatment examples that are done to break the association between the emotion and the event

A

relaxation - does not work for GAD
systemic desensitization/exposure therapy

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29
Q

Aside from treatments done to break the association, what treatment options are left for anxiety disorders

A

drugs to treat the biological effects of anxiety (CNS depressants)

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30
Q

What is cognitive-behaviour therapy

A

focus on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviours

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31
Q

How does successful cognitive-behaviour therapy help ease anxiety

A
  • distress decreases
  • behaviour becomes functional
  • physiological arousal subsides
  • think in more adaptive ways, which in turn improves the outcome of events and behaviours
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32
Q

What is the level of least severity of mood disorders

A

feeling blue

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33
Q

What is within the second level severity of mood disorders

A

seasonal affective disorder and dysthymic disorder

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34
Q

What is within the highest level severity of mood disorders

A

major depression and bipolar disorder

35
Q

What is the prevalence of major depression disorder in Canada

A

12% of adults

36
Q

Who is more likely to have major depression

A

women

37
Q

Is major depression found more commonly in older or younger people

A

younger, and the age continues to decrease

38
Q

What causes major depressive disorder biologically

A

differences in levels of neurotransmitters
- norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
changes in cognition

39
Q

What neurotransmitters are in dysregulation in major depression disorder

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

40
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

cycling through patterns of depression and mania

41
Q

What is mania

A

physically: high energy, activity, decreased eating, sleep
mood: elation and exhilaration (can become irritable/angry)
cognitively: racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem

*leads to engagement in pleasurable behaviours that may lead to painful outcomes

42
Q

What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder in Canada

A

relatively uncommon (1%)

43
Q

Who is more prone to bipolar disorder

A

it is equally common among all genders
- higher risk in those of higher socioeconomic status*

44
Q

Is bipolar disorder genetic?

A

yes, family members seem to share diagnoses

45
Q

What is the biological explanation for bipolar disorder?

A

dopamine regulation is thrown off

46
Q

What therapy types are used to treat mood disorders

A

drug therapies and shock therapy

47
Q

What type of drug therapies are used to treat mood disorders

A

anti-depressants can be used to increase the amount of seratonin or norepinephrine (agonist drugs)
- however, these have a gradual effect and don’t work right away because of the physical operation of the drug

lithium carbonate can be used for bipolar disorder (mood stabilizing)

48
Q

What are some drug alternatives for mood disorders

A

aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy

49
Q

What is shock therapy and how is it used

A

patients are shocked with 100V to the brain under general anesthetic with muscle relaxants
- limited for SEVERE cases where nothing is working
- nobody actually knows how it works, it just does!

50
Q

What is schizophrenia

A

a disorder involving delusional and disorganized thinking, with changes in perception and thinking

51
Q

What class of disorders what schizophrenia originally included in

A

dementia

52
Q

What year was the term “schizophrenia” introduced

A

1911

53
Q

What does the term schizophrenia actually mean

A

your mind is split from the reality happening around you

54
Q

What are the impacts on thought and language by schizophrenia

A

idiosyncratic thoughts and associations that interfere with the ability to maintain a logical and consistent train of thought
- thoughts that the patient gets but other people don’t

“word salad”: real words but words that don’t fit together

55
Q

What are the impacts of delusional thinking as a result of schizophrenia

A

delusions of grandeur: belief in special power or characteristics of oneself (thinking you are Harry Potter)
delusions of persecution: believing people are plotting against you
delusions of reference: thinking people are referencing you or focusing on you specifically in a general setting (ie. the prof keeps lecturing about me specifically)
thought insertion: thinking someone else is in control of your thoughts/actions

56
Q

What is the perceptual influence of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations: reposts of sensory stimulation when no such stimulation is present
- auditory: voices in your head
- visual: visions of people/objects that arent there
- tactile, taste, and somatic: eg. bugs crawling on your skin when there are no bugs at all

57
Q

What is the disturbance in affect as a result of schizophrenia

A

flat affect: flat facial expressions, speak monotone
- flat affect shows very poor prognosis*
difficulty controlling/expressing emotions
- laugh in sad situations, cry in response to humour, etc.

58
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

added experiences that others don’t have
- ie. hallucinations, delusional thinking, thought disturbances

59
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

absence of things that others have
- ie. flat affect, impaired relationships, lack of pleasure

60
Q

Of positive and negative symptoms, which leads to a better prognosis

A

positive (added) symptoms

61
Q

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the population

A

1%

62
Q

Who is most prone to schizophrenia

A

low SES and low education individuals

63
Q

What is the biological explanation for schizophrenia

A

two genetic markers: eye movement and neurocognitive deficits (difficulties in memory and attention)
- also risk in the prenatal environment if the mother is diagnosed with the flu during the second trimester (we don’t know why though)

64
Q

What are the neurological changes in those with schizophrenia

A
  • enlarged brain ventricles (occurs before onset of disease)…could indicate loss of brain volume (but this doesn’t happen in all schizophrenia patients)
  • reduced blood flow in frontal lobes (difference in frontal lobe activity)…more common when the negative symptoms are present (worse prognosis)
65
Q

What is different about the hollow mask effect for those with schizophrenia

A

they are not fooled by the hollow mask illusion
- could suggest interruptions in top-down processing in those with the disorder

66
Q

What happens to neurotranmitter functioning in those with schizophrenia

A

excess amounts of dopamine (dysfunctional regulation in frontal lobes and lymbic system)

67
Q

What is the diathesis-stress approach

A

interaction between the genetics and the environment could lead to onset of schizophrenia
- if you have the genetic predisposition, environmental stress could lead to onset of the disease

68
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat schizophrenia

A

antipsychotic drugs
- they treat symptoms of psychosis, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thinking

69
Q

What antipsychotics are used to target positive symptoms

A

chlorpromazine

70
Q

What antipsychotics are used to target negative symptoms

A

clozapine

71
Q

What is the downfall of antipsychotic drugs

A

side effects
- tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of muscles, common in the face and jaw but can be whole body)

72
Q

What are personality disorders

A

longstanding, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour that deviate from cultural norms and impair social and occupational functioning

73
Q

What are personality disorders usually accompanied by

A

other psychological disorders (schizophrenia, anxiety, etc.)

74
Q

What occurs in cluster A of personality disorders

A

odd or eccentric behaviours
- paranoid personality disorder
- schizoid personality disorder
- scizotypical personality disorder

75
Q

What occurs in cluster B of personality disorders

A

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviours
- antisocial personality disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder
- narcissistic personality disorder

76
Q

What occurs in cluster C of personality disorders

A

anxious or fearful behaviours
- avoidant personality disorder
- dependant personality disorder
- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

77
Q

What is histrionic personality disorder

A

attention-seeking
- dramatic behaviour to get attention
- manipulative, sexually provocative and seductive
- inappropriate expression of emotion
very appearance-focussed - considered shallow and self-centred

78
Q

What is the prevalence rate of histrionic personality disorder

A

2-3%

79
Q

Who is more prone to histrionic personality disorder

A

women - especially those who are divorced or separated

80
Q

What is borderline personality disorder

A

pervasive instability of mood, relationships, and self image
- unstable sense of self, feelings of emptiness
- alternate between idealization and devaluation of loved ones
- rapid, intense shifts into negative emotions
results in a lot of impulsivity

81
Q

Who is most prone to borderline personality disorder

A

women

82
Q

What is the prevalence of borderline personality disorder

A

1-2%

83
Q

How is borderline personality disorder different in criminals

A

traits are VERY predictive of extreme levels of violence

84
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder

A

lack of conformity to social norms and legal standards
- disregard for others’ rights
- similar to psychopathy
results in deceitful, impulsive, and remorse-lacking actions

85
Q

What is the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder

A

1-3%

86
Q

Who is more prone to antisocial personality disorder

A

3% males
1% females
*more common in young adults, and people of low SES
*often co-exists with substance abuse

Psych 101 (17 decks)

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