Personality Flashcards by Dylan Meredith

What is personality

individuals’ characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
- characterized by long-lasting patterns

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What did Freud propose about personality

proposed personality is determined by unconscious drives, which shapes how we approach and interact with the world

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What were Freuds main contributions

concept of our unconscious mind
psychosexual stages of development
defense mechanisms for alleviating anxiety

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What are the 3 components of our personalities

the id
the ego
the superego

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Is personality conscious or unconscious

entirely unconscious

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What do the desired of the “id” do

help us fill our basic needs (to survive, to reproduce, aggression, etc.)

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What principle does the “id” operate by

the pleasure principle

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What does the superego refer to

our conscience

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What does the superego represent

the ideal (best-case scenario)

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What is different about the ego

it is almost entirely conscious, whereas the “id” is unconscious and the superego is almost entirely unconscious as well

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What does the ego allow us to balance

the needs of the “id” and the ideals of the superego

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What principle does the ego follow

the reality principle

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Thinking about an angel and devil sitting on each should, what position is what based on the “id”, the ego, and the superego

angel: the superego
devil: the “id”
mediator: the ego

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What happens when the ego cannot resolve conflict between the id and superego

anxiety

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Explain the defense mechanism: denial

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant info

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Explain the defence mechanism: rationalization

generating excuses for our behaviour

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Explain the defense mechanism: reaction formation

switch one impulse into its opposite

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Explain the defense mechanism: projection

attributing your own impulses to others

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What are the 5 stages of personality development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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What is the age range of the oral development stage

0-18 months

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What is the theme of the oral development stage

eating and feeling dependant

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What is the age range for the anal development stage

18-36 months

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What is the theme of the anal development stage

expelling waste and exerting control

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What is the age range for the phallic stage of development

3-6 years

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What is the theme of the phallic development stage

genital organs and jealousy

What is the age range for the latency stage of development

6-11 years

What is the theme of the latency development stage

diverted focus/external activities

What is the age range for the genital stage of development

12 - adulthood

What is the theme of the genital development stage

sexual activites and maturity

What are some criticisms of Freuds theory

- too much parental influence - said children have no gender before 6 years - sexist (women envy penis) - untestable

What is an important result of Freuds theory

developed psychotherapy

What are type theories

view characteristics of people as discrete categories (intro vs extrovert)

What did Myers-Briggs test lack

reliability and validity

What was Gordon Allports theory

personality is made up of a number of continuous dimensions called "traits"

What is the lexical hypothesis

important differences in behaviour will become encoded in language

What is the big 5 in relation to personality

"OCEAN" O: openness C: conscientiousness E: extraversion A: agreeableness N: neuroticism

What is openness within the big 5

receptive to new ideas and experiences

What is conscientiousness within the big 5

degree of discipline and organization

What is extraversion within the big 5

preference for social interaction, lively activity

What is agreeableness within the big 5

trusting and selflessness for others

What is neuroticism within the big 5

negative emotionality/affectivity

What is self-esteem

a persons appraisal of their own value; global feelings of self worth

What is sociometer theory

self-esteem is a gauge of perceived social value; the degree to which one feels valued by others

What is self-report vs informant-report

self report: self-ratings of characteristics, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours informant report: rating of characteristic and behaviours from people who know the target well

What model is used to measure personality

SOKA (Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry model)

What does it mean when a trait is low in observability

inwardly expressed - self ratings are more valid than informant ratings

What does it mean when a trait is highly evaluative

socially desirable or undesirable - self ratings are less valid here compared to informative ratings

What is the difference between observational measure and archival/biographical measure

observation: direct observation of behaviour in a natural or artificial setting archival/biographical: data from existing records

Personality dimensions are roughly ____% heritable

50%

What is situationism

behaviour is driven by situation and not be the traits someone possesses

How do social cognitive theories relate to personality and behaviours

emphasize the role of both social contexts and internal cognitive processes, such as beliefs and expectancies

What is reciprocal determinism

the individual and the environment influence each other

What does WEIRD stand for

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

Does the big 5 apply across the world, or just the "WEIRD" countries

bases of personality appear to be somewhat the same worldwide

What are response styles?

characteristic ways of responding to questions

How are response styles differ across the world

strongly influenced by cultural norms

What is geographical psychology

large-scale variation of personality across different cultural locations

Where does culture fall on the nature-nurture continuum

nurture

Where do genetics fall on the nature-nurture continuum

nature

What does polymorphic mean in relation to our genes

"multiple form" - different version of the same gene that lead to different physical or behavioural characteristics

What does evolutionary psychology help us determine

WHY we have inherited the personality traits we have

What theory guided personality in western medicine long ago

humourism

What is humourism

wellness and personality influenced by imbalances of fluids in the body

What theory guides personality in the late 1700s to early 1800s

personality could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull

What is the arousal theory of extroversion

extraversion is determined by peoples threshold for arousal

What is the ascending reticular activating system

our brain system that plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

Extroverts have a _____ reactive ARAS than introverts

less reactive

What are the two systems involved in the approach/inhibition model of motivation

the behavioural activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

What is the behavioural activation system (BAS)

"GO" system, arousing a person in pursuit to seek out desired goals

Greater emotional response is related to ________ BAS

greater

What is the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

a "danger" system, motivating one to act in order to avoid punishment or negative outcomes

The BIS is associated with _______ emotional responses, while the BAS is associated with __________ emotional responses

BIS: negative BAS: positive

What big 5 trait is associated with BAS

extraversion

What big 5 trait is associated with BIS

neuroticism

What is the medial orbitofrontal cortex responsible for

processing reward

What is the amygdala responsible for

processing novelty, danger, and fear

How does the HEXACO model of personality differ from the Big Five factors?

HEXACO includes a sixth personality trait: honesty–humility

Lisa and Elaine work at the same place and were both being considered for a promotion. In order to secure the promotion for herself, Lisa told her bosses lies about Elaine being selfish and difficult to work with. As a result, Elaine did not receive the promotion. Lisa’s behaviour is an example of which personality trait?

Machiavellianism

What is different about the findings of the big 5 study in China compared to Canada

in china they found only 4 main personality traits - dependability, social potency, individualism, and interpersonal relatedness - the first 3 closely mimic 3 of the big 5 traits, but the fourth is different and suggests differences in personality traits from cultural influences

Which gene has been found to code for serotonin activity

chromosome 17