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Psych 101 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality

A

individuals’ characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
- characterized by long-lasting patterns

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2
Q

What did Freud propose about personality

A

proposed personality is determined by unconscious drives, which shapes how we approach and interact with the world

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3
Q

What were Freuds main contributions

A
  • concept of our unconscious mind
  • psychosexual stages of development
  • defense mechanisms for alleviating anxiety
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4
Q

What are the 3 components of our personalities

A

the id
the ego
the superego

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5
Q

Is personality conscious or unconscious

A

entirely unconscious

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6
Q

What do the desired of the “id” do

A

help us fill our basic needs (to survive, to reproduce, aggression, etc.)

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7
Q

What principle does the “id” operate by

A

the pleasure principle

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8
Q

What does the superego refer to

A

our conscience

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9
Q

What does the superego represent

A

the ideal (best-case scenario)

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10
Q

What is different about the ego

A

it is almost entirely conscious, whereas the “id” is unconscious and the superego is almost entirely unconscious as well

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11
Q

What does the ego allow us to balance

A

the needs of the “id” and the ideals of the superego

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12
Q

What principle does the ego follow

A

the reality principle

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13
Q

Thinking about an angel and devil sitting on each should, what position is what based on the “id”, the ego, and the superego

A

angel: the superego
devil: the “id”
mediator: the ego

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14
Q

What happens when the ego cannot resolve conflict between the id and superego

A

anxiety

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15
Q

Explain the defense mechanism: denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant info

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16
Q

Explain the defence mechanism: rationalization

A

generating excuses for our behaviour

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17
Q

Explain the defense mechanism: reaction formation

A

switch one impulse into its opposite

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18
Q

Explain the defense mechanism: projection

A

attributing your own impulses to others

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19
Q

What are the 5 stages of personality development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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20
Q

What is the age range of the oral development stage

A

0-18 months

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21
Q

What is the theme of the oral development stage

A

eating and feeling dependant

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22
Q

What is the age range for the anal development stage

A

18-36 months

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23
Q

What is the theme of the anal development stage

A

expelling waste and exerting control

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24
Q

What is the age range for the phallic stage of development

A

3-6 years

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25
Q

What is the theme of the phallic development stage

A

genital organs and jealousy

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26
Q

What is the age range for the latency stage of development

A

6-11 years

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27
Q

What is the theme of the latency development stage

A

diverted focus/external activities

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28
Q

What is the age range for the genital stage of development

A

12 - adulthood

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29
Q

What is the theme of the genital development stage

A

sexual activites and maturity

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30
Q

What are some criticisms of Freuds theory

A
  • too much parental influence
  • said children have no gender before 6 years
  • sexist (women envy penis)
  • untestable
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31
Q

What is an important result of Freuds theory

A

developed psychotherapy

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32
Q

What are type theories

A

view characteristics of people as discrete categories (intro vs extrovert)

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33
Q

What did Myers-Briggs test lack

A

reliability and validity

34
Q

What was Gordon Allports theory

A

personality is made up of a number of continuous dimensions called “traits”

35
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis

A

important differences in behaviour will become encoded in language

36
Q

What is the big 5 in relation to personality

A

“OCEAN”
O: openness
C: conscientiousness
E: extraversion
A: agreeableness
N: neuroticism

37
Q

What is openness within the big 5

A

receptive to new ideas and experiences

38
Q

What is conscientiousness within the big 5

A

degree of discipline and organization

39
Q

What is extraversion within the big 5

A

preference for social interaction, lively activity

40
Q

What is agreeableness within the big 5

A

trusting and selflessness for others

41
Q

What is neuroticism within the big 5

A

negative emotionality/affectivity

42
Q

What is self-esteem

A

a persons appraisal of their own value; global feelings of self worth

43
Q

What is sociometer theory

A

self-esteem is a gauge of perceived social value; the degree to which one feels valued by others

44
Q

What is self-report vs informant-report

A

self report: self-ratings of characteristics, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
informant report: rating of characteristic and behaviours from people who know the target well

45
Q

What model is used to measure personality

A

SOKA (Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry model)

46
Q

What does it mean when a trait is low in observability

A

inwardly expressed
- self ratings are more valid than informant ratings

47
Q

What does it mean when a trait is highly evaluative

A

socially desirable or undesirable
- self ratings are less valid here compared to informative ratings

48
Q

What is the difference between observational measure and archival/biographical measure

A

observation: direct observation of behaviour in a natural or artificial setting
archival/biographical: data from existing records

49
Q

Personality dimensions are roughly ____% heritable

A

50%

50
Q

What is situationism

A

behaviour is driven by situation and not be the traits someone possesses

51
Q

How do social cognitive theories relate to personality and behaviours

A

emphasize the role of both social contexts and internal cognitive processes, such as beliefs and expectancies

52
Q

What is reciprocal determinism

A

the individual and the environment influence each other

53
Q

What does WEIRD stand for

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

54
Q

Does the big 5 apply across the world, or just the “WEIRD” countries

A

bases of personality appear to be somewhat the same worldwide

55
Q

What are response styles?

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

56
Q

How are response styles differ across the world

A

strongly influenced by cultural norms

57
Q

What is geographical psychology

A

large-scale variation of personality across different cultural locations

58
Q

Where does culture fall on the nature-nurture continuum

A

nurture

59
Q

Where do genetics fall on the nature-nurture continuum

A

nature

60
Q

What does polymorphic mean in relation to our genes

A

“multiple form” - different version of the same gene that lead to different physical or behavioural characteristics

61
Q

What does evolutionary psychology help us determine

A

WHY we have inherited the personality traits we have

62
Q

What theory guided personality in western medicine long ago

A

humourism

63
Q

What is humourism

A

wellness and personality influenced by imbalances of fluids in the body

64
Q

What theory guides personality in the late 1700s to early 1800s

A

personality could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull

65
Q

What is the arousal theory of extroversion

A

extraversion is determined by peoples threshold for arousal

66
Q

What is the ascending reticular activating system

A

our brain system that plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

67
Q

Extroverts have a _____ reactive ARAS than introverts

A

less reactive

68
Q

What are the two systems involved in the approach/inhibition model of motivation

A

the behavioural activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

69
Q

What is the behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

“GO” system, arousing a person in pursuit to seek out desired goals

70
Q

Greater emotional response is related to ________ BAS

A

greater

71
Q

What is the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating one to act in order to avoid punishment or negative outcomes

72
Q

The BIS is associated with _______ emotional responses, while the BAS is associated with __________ emotional responses

A

BIS: negative
BAS: positive

73
Q

What big 5 trait is associated with BAS

A

extraversion

74
Q

What big 5 trait is associated with BIS

A

neuroticism

75
Q

What is the medial orbitofrontal cortex responsible for

A

processing reward

76
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for

A

processing novelty, danger, and fear

77
Q

How does the HEXACO model of personality differ from the Big Five factors?

A

HEXACO includes a sixth personality trait: honesty–humility

78
Q

Lisa and Elaine work at the same place and were both being considered for a promotion. In order to secure the promotion for herself, Lisa told her bosses lies about Elaine being selfish and difficult to work with. As a result, Elaine did not receive the promotion. Lisa’s behaviour is an example of which personality trait?

A

Machiavellianism

79
Q

What is different about the findings of the big 5 study in China compared to Canada

A

in china they found only 4 main personality traits
- dependability, social potency, individualism, and interpersonal relatedness
- the first 3 closely mimic 3 of the big 5 traits, but the fourth is different and suggests differences in personality traits from cultural influences

80
Q

Which gene has been found to code for serotonin activity

A

chromosome 17

Psych 101 (17 decks)

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