Midterm 1 Content

Question 1

Who were Socrates & Plato

Answer 1

mind is separate from the body
knowledge is born within us
mind endures after death

Question 2

Who was Aristotle

Answer 2

mind and body connected
knowledge is acquired
mind starts as a blank slate

Question 3

Who was Avicenna

Answer 3

knowledge comes from “empirical familiarity with the world”

Question 4

Who was Ibn Tufail

Answer 4

demonstrated the same thoughts as Avicenna through his book “Hayy ibn Yaqzan

Question 5

Who was Renee Descartes

Answer 5

mind and body both distinct AND connected
substance in the body (blood) flows between brain and muscle to create movement

Question 6

Who was John Locke

Answer 6

proposed mind and body made of same substance

Question 7

Who was James Mill

Answer 7

proposed mind to be entirely physical (follows laws)

Question 8

Who was Hippocrates

Answer 8

father of modern medicine

Question 9

Who was Herman Van Helmholtz

Answer 9

demonstrated nerves take time to transmit signals

Question 10

Who were Wilhem Wundt and Edward Titchener

Answer 10

known for forming structuralism
- examined individual structures through introspection

Question 11

Who was William James

Answer 11

known for forming functionalism
- focussed on how processes function

Question 12

Who was Sigmund Freud

Answer 12

founded psychoanalysis

Question 13

Jan believes all knowledge is acquired through careful observation. She is likely a(n)…..

Answer 13

empiricist

Question 14

Francis Galton made a significant contribution to psychology by introducing methods for studying how heredity contributes to human behaviour. Which alternative explanation was Galton overlooking when he argued that heredity accounts for these similarities?

Answer 14

The fact that people who share genes live together in families, so they tend to share environmental privileges or disadvantages

Question 15

______ was the study of the basic components of the mind, while ______ examined the role that specific behaviours may have served in our species’ evolution.

Answer 15

Structuralism, functionalism

Question 16

The Gestalt psychologists, with their focus on perception and experience, are closely linked to modern-day ________ psychologists.

Answer 16

cognitive

Question 17

Cognitive neuroscience examines

Answer 17

how different brain areas are involved with different cognitive abilities

Question 18

The Research Ethics Board (REB) is the group that determines

Answer 18

whether the benefits of a proposed study outweigh its potential risks

Question 19

In a memory study, researchers have participants study a list of words and then tell them it was the wrong list and that they should forget it. This deception is meant to see how effectively participants can forget something they have already studied. If the researchers plan to debrief the participants afterward, would this design meet the standards of an ethical study?

Answer 19

Yes, given that the participants are not at risk and that they will be debriefed, this seems to be an ethical study.

Question 20

Researchers should store their data after they present or publish it because
1. other researchers may want to examine the data before conducting a replication study.
2. other researchers may want to reinterpret the data using different techniques.
3. the process of informed consent requires it.
4. both the first and second options are true.

Answer 20

4. both the first and second options are true.

Question 21

After completing a naturalistic observation study, a researcher does not have quite enough evidence to support her hypothesis. If she decides to go back to her records and slightly alters a few of the observations to fit her hypothesis, she would be engaged in ________.

Answer 21

scientific misconduct

Question 22

If researchers use deception as part of their research design, it is important to ensure participants

Answer 22

still have enough information to make informed consent

Question 23

The ________ is a measure of variability around the mean of a distribution.

Answer 23

standard deviation

Question 24

Dr. Lee taught two sections of introductory psychology. The mean score for both classes was 70%. However, the standard deviation was 15% for the first class and 5% for the second class. What can we infer about Dr. Lee’s two classes?

Answer 24

There was more variability in the test scores of the first class.

Question 25

In a survey of recent graduates, your university reports that the mean salaries of the former students are positively skewed. What are the consequences of choosing the mean rather than the median or the mode in this case?

Answer 25

The mean is likely to provide a number that is higher than the largest cluster of scores.

Question 26

Imagine an experiment where the mean of the experimental group is 50 and the mean of the control group is 40. Given that the two means are obviously different, is it still possible for a researcher to say that the two groups are not significantly different?

Answer 26

Yes, the two groups could overlap so much that the difference is not significant.

Question 27

A hypothesis test is conducted after an experiment to

Answer 27

see if the groups are significantly different, as opposed to being different due to chance.

Question 28

If a researcher wanted to identify how someone’s life experiences could affect the expression of specific genes and thus put that person at risk for developing depression, she would most likely use which of the following methods?

Answer 28

epigenetics

Question 29

For a trait to evolve, it must have a _________ basis

Answer 29

heritable

Question 30

Evolutionary psychologists have made some claims that sex differences in cognitive abilities are genetically determined. Which of the following is not an alternative explanation for such claims?

1.Technological limitations prevent the accurate study of sex differences.

2.Sociocultural history affects performance.

3.Hormone levels affect performance.

4.Different educational experiences affect performance.

Answer 30

Technological limitations prevent the accurate study of sex differences.

Question 31

A technique used to edit an organism’s genome is

Answer 31

CRISPR-Cas9

Question 32

Why do researchers often use the lesion method instead of studying humans with brain damage?

Answer 32

The lesioning method allows for greater experimental control.

Question 33

Dr. Cerveau performed a TMS lesion study in her lab. She found that applying a pulse to the parietal lobes prevented people from pressing a keypad in response to a suddenly appearing image. She concluded that the lesion affected attention. Why should we be cautious of her claim?

Answer 33

The TMS lesion covered a large area and may have affected other functions that might have slowed participants’ responses

Question 34

The brain-imaging technique that involves measuring blood flow in active regions of the brain is called

Answer 34

PET scan

Question 35

Dr. Gillis studies how stress impacts electrical activity in the brain during sleep. Which technique will Dr. Gillis MOST likely be using to collect her data?

Answer 35

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 36

A drawback of PET scans compared to newer techniques, such as magnetoencephalography, is that

Answer 36

PET is slower, which means it is more difficult to measure moment-to-moment changes in brain activity.