Midterm 1 Content Flashcards
Who were Socrates & Plato
mind is separate from the body
knowledge is born within us
mind endures after death
Who was Aristotle
mind and body connected
knowledge is acquired
mind starts as a blank slate
Who was Avicenna
knowledge comes from “empirical familiarity with the world”
Who was Ibn Tufail
demonstrated the same thoughts as Avicenna through his book “Hayy ibn Yaqzan
Who was Renee Descartes
mind and body both distinct AND connected
substance in the body (blood) flows between brain and muscle to create movement
Who was John Locke
proposed mind and body made of same substance
Who was James Mill
proposed mind to be entirely physical (follows laws)
Who was Hippocrates
father of modern medicine
Who was Herman Van Helmholtz
demonstrated nerves take time to transmit signals
Who were Wilhem Wundt and Edward Titchener
known for forming structuralism
- examined individual structures through introspection
Who was William James
known for forming functionalism
- focussed on how processes function
Who was Sigmund Freud
founded psychoanalysis
Jan believes all knowledge is acquired through careful observation. She is likely a(n)…..
empiricist
Francis Galton made a significant contribution to psychology by introducing methods for studying how heredity contributes to human behaviour. Which alternative explanation was Galton overlooking when he argued that heredity accounts for these similarities?
The fact that people who share genes live together in families, so they tend to share environmental privileges or disadvantages
______ was the study of the basic components of the mind, while ______ examined the role that specific behaviours may have served in our species’ evolution.
Structuralism, functionalism
The Gestalt psychologists, with their focus on perception and experience, are closely linked to modern-day ________ psychologists.
cognitive
Cognitive neuroscience examines
how different brain areas are involved with different cognitive abilities
The Research Ethics Board (REB) is the group that determines
whether the benefits of a proposed study outweigh its potential risks
In a memory study, researchers have participants study a list of words and then tell them it was the wrong list and that they should forget it. This deception is meant to see how effectively participants can forget something they have already studied. If the researchers plan to debrief the participants afterward, would this design meet the standards of an ethical study?
Yes, given that the participants are not at risk and that they will be debriefed, this seems to be an ethical study.
Researchers should store their data after they present or publish it because
1. other researchers may want to examine the data before conducting a replication study.
2. other researchers may want to reinterpret the data using different techniques.
3. the process of informed consent requires it.
4. both the first and second options are true.
- both the first and second options are true.
After completing a naturalistic observation study, a researcher does not have quite enough evidence to support her hypothesis. If she decides to go back to her records and slightly alters a few of the observations to fit her hypothesis, she would be engaged in ________.
scientific misconduct
If researchers use deception as part of their research design, it is important to ensure participants
still have enough information to make informed consent
The ________ is a measure of variability around the mean of a distribution.
standard deviation
Dr. Lee taught two sections of introductory psychology. The mean score for both classes was 70%. However, the standard deviation was 15% for the first class and 5% for the second class. What can we infer about Dr. Lee’s two classes?
There was more variability in the test scores of the first class.
In a survey of recent graduates, your university reports that the mean salaries of the former students are positively skewed. What are the consequences of choosing the mean rather than the median or the mode in this case?
The mean is likely to provide a number that is higher than the largest cluster of scores.
Imagine an experiment where the mean of the experimental group is 50 and the mean of the control group is 40. Given that the two means are obviously different, is it still possible for a researcher to say that the two groups are not significantly different?
Yes, the two groups could overlap so much that the difference is not significant.
A hypothesis test is conducted after an experiment to
see if the groups are significantly different, as opposed to being different due to chance.
If a researcher wanted to identify how someone’s life experiences could affect the expression of specific genes and thus put that person at risk for developing depression, she would most likely use which of the following methods?
epigenetics
For a trait to evolve, it must have a _________ basis
heritable
Evolutionary psychologists have made some claims that sex differences in cognitive abilities are genetically determined. Which of the following is not an alternative explanation for such claims?
1.Technological limitations prevent the accurate study of sex differences.
2.Sociocultural history affects performance.
3.Hormone levels affect performance.
4.Different educational experiences affect performance.
Technological limitations prevent the accurate study of sex differences.
A technique used to edit an organism’s genome is
CRISPR-Cas9
Why do researchers often use the lesion method instead of studying humans with brain damage?
The lesioning method allows for greater experimental control.
Dr. Cerveau performed a TMS lesion study in her lab. She found that applying a pulse to the parietal lobes prevented people from pressing a keypad in response to a suddenly appearing image. She concluded that the lesion affected attention. Why should we be cautious of her claim?
The TMS lesion covered a large area and may have affected other functions that might have slowed participants’ responses
The brain-imaging technique that involves measuring blood flow in active regions of the brain is called
PET scan
Dr. Gillis studies how stress impacts electrical activity in the brain during sleep. Which technique will Dr. Gillis MOST likely be using to collect her data?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A drawback of PET scans compared to newer techniques, such as magnetoencephalography, is that
PET is slower, which means it is more difficult to measure moment-to-moment changes in brain activity.
