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Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name for the prenatal stage at 0-2 weeks

A

zygote

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2
Q

What is implantation

A

attachment to lining of uterus

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3
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

a cell in germinal stage consisting of inner and outer layer of cells

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4
Q

What is the name for prenatal stage at 2-8 weeks

A

embryo

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5
Q

Is there a heartbeat in an embryo

A

yes

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6
Q

What is the name for the prenatal stage beyond 8 weeks

A

fetus

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7
Q

At what point in the prenatal stage are motor movements and senses gained

A

fetal stage

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8
Q

What is a teratogen

A

any agent that produces a birth defect

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9
Q

What is synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synaptic connections

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10
Q

What is synaptic pruning

A

loss of weak connections

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11
Q

What is the critical period

A

when certain experiences are necessary for proper development

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12
Q

What does the critical period emphasize

A

the important of exposure to varrying stimuli in infants

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13
Q

What did the cats and stripes study test

A

the importance of varying stimuli in infants to prove the importance of the critical period

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14
Q

What is rooting reflex

A

stroke cheek of an infant and it will move its head toward the stimuli - looking for something to suck

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15
Q

What is moro reflex

A

sudden response to loud noise, sudden movement

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16
Q

What is grasping reflex

A

when an infants palm is stimulated, it grasps whatever object it is touching

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17
Q

What is maturation and how does it relate to development

A

maturation is the developed ability to carry out a function at a certain time frame in life
- relates to development because without maturation, these developed abilities are not possible

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18
Q

What system is well developed at birth

A

auditory

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19
Q

What system is not well-developed at birth

A

visual

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20
Q

What was Piaget’s insight

A
  • children are not little adults
    child learns through interacting with the world - trying to make sense of their experiences in new ways
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21
Q

What is a schema

A

A flexible concept or framework to make sense of information by organizing & interpreting

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22
Q

Trying to incorporate new information into a preconceived schema is called…

A

assimilation

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23
Q

Adjusting a schema to fit in new experiences is called…

A

accommodation

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24
Q

What is object permanence

A

awareness that an object is still present even though it is out of sight

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25
Q

When is object permanence developed

A

8-12 months

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26
Q

What age is the sensory motor stage

A

0-2

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27
Q

What age is the pre operational stage

A

2-6

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28
Q

What is conservation and when is it learned

A

the understanding that volume remains the same when moved from one place to another (ie. pouring water from one glass to another)
- develops in pre-operational stage

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29
Q

What theory is somewhat disproven in the preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s ideas

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30
Q

What do children in the pre operational stage lack

A

theory of mind
- do not understand that others around them also have mental states

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31
Q

What age is the concrete operational stage

A

7-11

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32
Q

At what point do children understand conservation and reversibility

A

concrete operational stage

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33
Q

What age is the formal operational stage

A

12-adult

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34
Q

At what stage can children begin to think abstractly or hypothetically

A

formal operational stage

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35
Q

What are some confusions about Piaget’s theory

A
  • it is now believed children develop operations at earlier ages
  • development is a continuous process
  • understanding development is important for caregiving
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36
Q

In pre-conventional mortality, what types of stimuli influence children to behave

A

avoidance of punishment
persuasion of reward

37
Q

In conventional morality, what types of stimuli or actions influence behaviour

A

following rules simply because they are set in place
approval of actions that maintain social order

38
Q

In post-conventional morality, what types of stimuli or actions influence behaviour

A

follow basic ethical principles
*very few individuals actually reach this stage…

39
Q

Is social bonding preference or innate in nature

A

innate - study of monkeys separated from mother at birth proves this conclusion

40
Q

What two men studied monkeys to determine the effects of social bonding

A

Harlow and Bowlby

41
Q

What did Harlow determine about his study

A

monkeys separated from mothers look for replacement figures to be attached to

42
Q

What did Bowlby determine about his study

A

orphans struggle without emotional security provided by maternal care

43
Q

What are the 3 functions of attachment

A

proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base

44
Q

What is proximity maintenance

A

seeking of physical closeness

45
Q

What is safe haven

A

returning for comfort when in need of support

46
Q

What is secure base

A

using an attachment figure as a foundation for confident play and exploration

47
Q

What occurs in a secure attachment style

A

infants trust a responsive caregiver, easily comforted, and comfortable to explore

48
Q

What occurs in anxious attachment style

A

infants cling to inconsistent caregiver, protest extremely when needs aren’t met

49
Q

What occurs in avoidant attachment style

A

infant appears detached from unresponsive or inconsistent caregiver

50
Q

What occurs in disorganized attachment style

A

infants alternate between wanting to get away and wanting to be close

51
Q

What attachment style is low avoidance and low anxiety

A

secure

52
Q

What attachment style is low avoidance and high anxiety

A

anxious/preoccupied

53
Q

What attachment style is high avoidance and low anxiety

A

avoidant/dismissive

54
Q

What attachment style is high avoidance and high anxiety

A

fearful (disorganized in children)

55
Q

What two attachment styles are prominent in adults

A

secure and insecure

56
Q

What does Erikson’s Psychosocial Development explain

A

overlapping stages that extend from infancy to old age that we need to resolve
- the way we resolve these stages impacts personality

57
Q

What part of the brain controls human development

A

hypothalamus - released hormones like testosterone and estrogen

58
Q

What are primary sex traits

A

changes in the body DIRECTLY related to reproduction
ie. menstruation

59
Q

What are secondary sex traits

A

changes in the body as a result of puberty/maturation NOT directly related to reproduction
ie. voice change

60
Q

What does the term menarche mean

A

the onset of menstruation

61
Q

What does the term spermarche mean

A

the onset of ejaculation

62
Q

How is adolescence a major time for brain development

A

frontal lobes undergo a massive increase in myelination, which speeds up neural firing

63
Q

What is cognitive reframing

A

looking at our experiences from a different “frame”

64
Q

What is the ability to delay gratification

A

putting off immediate temptations to focus on longer term goals

65
Q

Why do adolescence default to strong reward impulses compared to adults

A

kids have less developed frontal lobes

66
Q

Who has the most influential research on moral reasoning development

A

Kohlberg

67
Q

What was Kohlberg’s theory

A

peoples reasons evolve as they grow up and allow them to think in more complex ways - development of moral reasoning

68
Q

At the pre conventional level of morality, people mainly focus on…

A

self-interest and avoiding punishment

69
Q

At the conventional level of morality, people mainly focus on…

A

laws and rules set in place my society

70
Q

At the post-conventional level of morality, people mainly focus on…

A

abstract principles such as justice and fairness

71
Q

What does the social intuitionist model say

A

moral decisions in every day life are based on how we feel, not how we think

72
Q

Where do roots of good moral behaviour stem from

A

relationships and trust during infancy and youth
- develop prefrontal cortex allowing for more complex and moral thought

73
Q

What is identity defined by

A

a clear sense of who you are, who you should build relationships with, and your role in society

74
Q

What did Erikson describe in relation to adolescence and relationships

A

described adolescence as a stage involving struggle of identity vs role confusion

75
Q

What’s the difference between cliques and crowds

A

cliques: friendships within small groups
crowds: specifically labelled groupings of individuals based on identity and interests (ie. jocks, nerds, etc.)

76
Q

Risk taking in adolescence may be excessive in comparison to other life stages, and some psychologists believe this can be attributed to

A

well-developed limbic areas responsible for reward, and underdeveloped prefrontal areas.

77
Q

What stage of Eriksons theory fits into early adulthood

A

stage 6

78
Q

What is the struggle in the 6th stage of Eriksons theory

A

intimacy and isolation

79
Q

What is the struggle of the 7th stage of Eriksons theory (and what age range does it lie)

A

generatively vs stagnation
(adulthood)

80
Q

What are the 4 horsemen of the (relationship) apocalypse

A

criticism
defensiveness
contempt
stonewalling

81
Q

Define criticism: the first of the 4 horsemen

A

picking out flaws, expressing disappointments, correcting each other and making comments about the significant other’s friends/family

82
Q

Define defensiveness: the second of the 4 horsemen

A

responding to perceived attacks with counter-attacks

83
Q

Define contempt: the third of the 4 horsemen

A

dismissive eye rolls, sarcastic comments, cutting tone of voice, etc.

84
Q

Define stonewalling: the fourth of the 4 horsemen

A

shutting down, verbally and emotionally

85
Q

What is socioemotional selectivity theory

A

describes how older people have learned to select better experiences and positive relationships for themselves

86
Q

What is the final stage in Eriksons theory, and what occurs in this stage

A

aging (65+)
- ego integrity vs despair

87
Q

What causes neurodegenerative diseases in older people, such as Alzheimers

A

increased buildup of proteins that cluster in areas between neurons
- often referred to as plaques
- the groupings of proteins and neurons often gets called “neurofibrillary tangles”

88
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory describes how older adults

A

are better at paying attention to positive things, rather than excessively dwelling on the negatives

Psych 101 (17 decks)

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