Midterm 2 Content Flashcards
What is hypnosis defined by
procedure inducing a heightened state of suggestibility
Hypnosis is not how it is portrayed in film, instead it suggests __________, where the subject is _____ likely to comply with suggestions
changes, more
What are the three types of hypnotic suggestions
Ideomotor
Challenge
Cognitive-perceptual
What are ideomotor suggestions
related to specific actions that could be performed, like adopting a specific physical position
What are challenge suggestions
actions that are not to be performed, therefore the subject appears to lose ability to perform the action
What are cognitive-perceptual suggestions
remembering or forgetting specific information, or experiencing altered perceptions (like pain reduction)
What two components of the mind are impacted by hypnosis
automatic thoughts and behaviours (unconscious), and supervisory system
What is dissociation theory of hypnosis
consciousness is divided into two systems; lower level system and “executive” system
What is a good real life comparison for dissociation theory of hypnosis
driving
- originally it took every ounce of focus and consciousness when learning to drive, but with practice now it is possible to drive while focussing on other things
What is the result of the dissociation theory (think to driving and how less consciousness is required with experience)
individuals experience less input from executive system
- neuroimaging has found less activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in hypnotized subjects
What is social cognitive theory
explains the degree to which beliefs and expectations influence increased suggestibility
What is an example of cognitive theory
when being hypnotized, subjects are told whether they will or will not be susceptible to ideomotor suggestions, and what they are told actually influences the way they react to the suggestions once they are hypnotized
Is hypnosis used alone, or alongside other psychotherapies
usually alongside others
What is convictive hypnotherapy
cognitive-behavioural therapy combined with hypnosis
- used to treat depression, anxiety, eating disorders, IBS, and hot flashes in cancer patients
Has hypnosis been PROVEN to work 100%?
no, it has shown promising results when used in conjunction with other therapies, but is still not proven an effective treatment method
What is thought to be the most effective use of hypnosis
pain management, specifically acute pain
Does hypnosis improve memory
no
What is mind wandering
exactly what it seems - when you are physically present but the mind wanders so you are not mentally present
Does mind wandering decrease reading comprehension
yes
- think about mind wandering during a lecture, your ability to recall information lowers because you are not retaining information as well
What is the default mode network
a network of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and medial and lateral regions of the parietal lobe that is active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli
When is the default mode network active
when a subject is paying attention to internal thoughts rather than an external stimuli
What is the frontoparietal network
a network involving the frontal and parietal lobes also showed increased activity when mind wandering
What is the frontoparietal network related to
goal seeking thoughts and planning
When is mind wandering more likely to occur
if you are not dedicating mental focus to a task, you are more likely to dedicate that mental focus to mind wandering subconsciously
Is mind wandering focused on the past present or future
future
Is mind wandering focused on the past present or future
future
What are the 6 levels of consciousness in order from not conscious to conscious
brain dead, coma, vegetative, minimally conscious, locked-in state, conscious
What is minimally conscious state (MCS)
a minimal consciousness disorder where a subject presents ability to show behaviours reflecting at least SOME consciousness
What is locked-in syndrome
when a person is alert and awake but appears unconscious due to the inability to move their body
What movie brought locked-in syndrome to light
The diving bell and the butterfly
What neurotransmitter do MOST drugs target
dopamine
What two locations release dopamine
nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area
What is latent learning
learning that does not initiate an immediate response, only when the subject is reinforced for doing so
Who created the activation synthesis model
Hobson and McCarly
Who created the halo effect
Nisbett & Wilson
Who created the law of effect
- measured cats escaping from puzzle boxes
Thorndike
Who founded the analysis of behaviour
- introduced the term reinforcement
B.F. Skinner
Who founded classical behaviourism
John Watson
Who discovered insight learning
- studied chimpanzees
Kohler
Who worked with rats and mazes to study that behaviour is the result of stimulus-response patterns
Edward Tolman
Who said observation and modelling play a key role in the way we learn
Albert Bandura
Who discovered the rapid decline in memory retention over the course of a day
Hermann Ebbinghaus
What is the sequence of the behaviourist model
stimulus to response
