Thermoregulatory system and Thermoregulation

Question 1

What is an endotherm ?

Answer 1

Warm blooded

Can control their own body temperature

Has to keep warm so that enzymes are able to work at the correct temperature

Have a metabolism

Question 2

What is an ectotherm ?

Answer 2

Cold blooded

Cannot control their own body temperature alone , uses environment to regulate body temp

Question 3

What is the normal temperature range for a human ?

Answer 3

36.5c - 37c

Question 4

What is the normal temperature range for a dog ?

Answer 4

38.3 c - 39.2 c

Question 5

What is the normal temperature range for a cat ?

Answer 5

38 c - 38.5 c

Question 6

What is the normal temperature range for a pig ?

Answer 6

38 c - 40c

Question 7

What is the normal temperature range for a chicken ?

Answer 7

40.6 c - 41.7c

Question 8

What is the normal temperature range for a horse ?

Answer 8

37.5 c - 38.5 c

Question 9

How does the body stimulate a response to being to hot or cold ?

Answer 9

A stimuli form the body will stimulate the thermoreceptors.

The signal will travel to the hypothalamus in the brain .

This tells the motor neurons to carry the signal down to the effectors within the skin .

The response will the deicide if the body is to hot or to cold and decide an appropriate response

Question 10

What is the order of response when controlling body temperature ?

Answer 10

stimuli , receptor , co - ordinator , effector , response , stimuli

Question 11

How does the body respond to high temperatures ?

Answer 11

Vasodilation , Arrector pili muscle relaxes , sweating , panting and gular fluttering

Question 12

How does the body respond to cold temperatures ?

Answer 12

vasoconstriction , arrector pili muscle contracts , shivering , brown adipose tissue (BAT)

Question 13

What is vasodilation?

Answer 13

widening of blood vessels, allows blood to flow to the surface of the skin , sphincter muscles are relaxed and open

Question 14

What is vasoconstriction ?

Answer 14

narrowing of blood vessels , keeps blood closer to core of body , sphincter muscles contract closing off blood access to skin

Question 15

What is the arrector pili muscle?

Answer 15

The small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle.

If the body is too cold this will contract causing hairs to raise , trapping air closer to the skin .

If the body is too hot this will relax causing hairs to lower so that air can circulate allowing for evaporation

Question 16

What is sweating ?

Answer 16

Sudoriferous glands produce sweat on the skin, as this evaporates it takes heat away from the body .

Sweating is not sufficient for a dog or cat

Question 17

What happens during shivering ?

Answer 17

Muscles contract which makes the heat to warm the body up

Respiration in the muscles makes energy for muscle contraction

Question 18

What is gular fluttering?

Answer 18

When a bird becomes to hot they will open their mouth and flutter the upper throat to promote heat loss . The mouth being slightly open allows evaporation form moisture in the mouth .

Question 19

What is panting ?

Answer 19

The process of evaporation of water from within the nasal cavity , mouth and lungs . In birds it will be from the air sacs .

Question 20

What is brown adipose tissue?

Answer 20

BAT contains more mitochondria to help / maintain or generate heat as the tissue requires more energy and therefore requires more mitochondria .

Neonates and hibernating animals have more BAT

Question 21

How do endotherms use their metabolic rate to regulate temperature?

Answer 21

Endotherms can adjust their metabolic rate to regulate temperature.

A low metabolic rate lowers heat generation

If an animal is hot metabolic rate will lower

If an animal is cold metabolic rate will increase to generate more heat from the body

Question 22

What are the mild , moderate and severe hypothermia ?

Answer 22

Mild - Shivering , reduced circulation

Moderate - Slow weak pulse , slow breathing , lack of coordination , confusion

Severe - Slow , weak or absent pulse and respiration

Question 23

What are the two types of hyperthermia ?

Answer 23

Fever hyperthermia , non fever hyperthermia

Question 24

What are symptoms of fever hyperthermia ?

Answer 24

Organ failure , red mucous membrane, de coordination , lack of urine

Question 25

What causes non fever hyperthermia ?

Answer 25

Anything that causes a fever