Thermoregulatory system and Thermoregulation Flashcards
What is an endotherm ?
Warm blooded
Can control their own body temperature
Has to keep warm so that enzymes are able to work at the correct temperature
Have a metabolism
What is an ectotherm ?
Cold blooded
Cannot control their own body temperature alone , uses environment to regulate body temp
What is the normal temperature range for a human ?
36.5c - 37c
What is the normal temperature range for a dog ?
38.3 c - 39.2 c
What is the normal temperature range for a cat ?
38 c - 38.5 c
What is the normal temperature range for a pig ?
38 c - 40c
What is the normal temperature range for a chicken ?
40.6 c - 41.7c
What is the normal temperature range for a horse ?
37.5 c - 38.5 c
How does the body stimulate a response to being to hot or cold ?
A stimuli form the body will stimulate the thermoreceptors.
The signal will travel to the hypothalamus in the brain .
This tells the motor neurons to carry the signal down to the effectors within the skin .
The response will the deicide if the body is to hot or to cold and decide an appropriate response
What is the order of response when controlling body temperature ?
stimuli , receptor , co - ordinator , effector , response , stimuli
How does the body respond to high temperatures ?
Vasodilation , Arrector pili muscle relaxes , sweating , panting and gular fluttering
How does the body respond to cold temperatures ?
vasoconstriction , arrector pili muscle contracts , shivering , brown adipose tissue (BAT)
What is vasodilation?
widening of blood vessels, allows blood to flow to the surface of the skin , sphincter muscles are relaxed and open
What is vasoconstriction ?
narrowing of blood vessels , keeps blood closer to core of body , sphincter muscles contract closing off blood access to skin
What is the arrector pili muscle?
The small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle.
If the body is too cold this will contract causing hairs to raise , trapping air closer to the skin .
If the body is too hot this will relax causing hairs to lower so that air can circulate allowing for evaporation
What is sweating ?
Sudoriferous glands produce sweat on the skin, as this evaporates it takes heat away from the body .
Sweating is not sufficient for a dog or cat
What happens during shivering ?
Muscles contract which makes the heat to warm the body up
Respiration in the muscles makes energy for muscle contraction
What is gular fluttering?
When a bird becomes to hot they will open their mouth and flutter the upper throat to promote heat loss . The mouth being slightly open allows evaporation form moisture in the mouth .
What is panting ?
The process of evaporation of water from within the nasal cavity , mouth and lungs . In birds it will be from the air sacs .
What is brown adipose tissue?
BAT contains more mitochondria to help / maintain or generate heat as the tissue requires more energy and therefore requires more mitochondria .
Neonates and hibernating animals have more BAT
How do endotherms use their metabolic rate to regulate temperature?
Endotherms can adjust their metabolic rate to regulate temperature.
A low metabolic rate lowers heat generation
If an animal is hot metabolic rate will lower
If an animal is cold metabolic rate will increase to generate more heat from the body
What are the mild , moderate and severe hypothermia ?
Mild - Shivering , reduced circulation
Moderate - Slow weak pulse , slow breathing , lack of coordination , confusion
Severe - Slow , weak or absent pulse and respiration
What are the two types of hyperthermia ?
Fever hyperthermia , non fever hyperthermia
What are symptoms of fever hyperthermia ?
Organ failure , red mucous membrane, de coordination , lack of urine
