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Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Normal body temperature

normal range

A
  1. 7 (98.06)

36. 3-37.1 (lowest in the morning, higher as day goes on)

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2
Q

Themoregulation is a FEEDBACK system meaning

A

information is fed back to the controller to report changes in the controlled variable

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3
Q

Variable maintained around a set point - stable. due to

A

negative feedback, which brings it back to set point regardless of the direction it changes

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4
Q

FeedFORWARD system

A

information is used to PREVENT changes in the controlled variable

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5
Q

The vast majority of feedback systems in the human body are

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

thermoregulation is a _______ system.

A

feedback, although there are some feedforward aspects

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7
Q

Sensor=

A

Thermoreceptors

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8
Q

Thermoreceptor definition

A

thermoreceptors are neurons which change their firing rate in response to changes in local temperature
may be warm or cold sensitive
presumed to be bare nerve endings

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9
Q

Warm Sensitive Thermoreceptors

A

4 channels identified
TRP-V1-4
sensitive over different ranges
V=vanilloid=capsaicin (hot peppers)

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10
Q

Discharge rate of warm sensitive thermoreceptors

A

low when temperatures are low (out of range)
increase with increasing temperature
at high enough levels, it decreases again, maybe indicating we are damaging them and compromising function

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11
Q

Cold Sensitive Thermoreceptors

A

Two receptors TRPM8, TRPA2
also activated by menthol
channels open as temperature decreases
allows Na or Ca influx

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12
Q

discharge rate of cold sensitive receptors

A

high when temperature is low
decrease as temperature increases
if T gets high enough , you may have a second peak (when something is VERY hot)

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13
Q

Thermoreceptor locations

A

skin, viscera and brain

different locations tell the brain about different temperatures

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14
Q

Contoller =

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

The hypothalamus has the connections to control __________________ that are part of thermoregulation

A

hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral changes

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16
Q

The part of the hypothalamus that responds to heat

A

anterior

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17
Q

the anterior hypothalamus

A

responds to heat

contributes to heat loss behaviors

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18
Q

The part of the thalamus that responds to cooling

A

posterior

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19
Q

the posterior hypothalamus

A

responds to cooling

contributes to heat production behaviors

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20
Q

The variable that we want to keep stable over a wide range of environmental temperatures

A

core temperature

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21
Q

the carter we get from the core,

A

the more variance we get in body temperatures - these things (hands,feet) are not controlled by the brain, they are just along for the ride

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22
Q

Body T changes with sleep

A

decreases
circadian influence
set point decrease

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23
Q

Body T changes with exercise

A

increases (as high as 40)
increased heat production
set point increase

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24
Q

Temperature influenced by circadian rhythm

A

varies 1-2 degrees over a 24 hour period, lowest in the morning around 6 AM

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25
The ______ has a ______ for core temperature
hypothalamus | set point
26
Set point=
the desired value
27
______ determines the set point for core temperature
hypothalamus
28
Thermoreceptors are found in
brain, skin, gut
29
Thermoreceptors are found in
brain, skin, gut
30
Two kinds of information you need to know for thermoregulation
what my current body temp is | what is the temperature around me
31
Current body temp
T affects enzyme activity (Q10) will change cellular function for better or worse, usu worse
32
Environmental body temp
is a threat to body temp, since I am always generating heat, my problem is usu getting rid of heat
33
Thermoreceptors in the core - where
brain and viscera
34
Cutaneous thermoreceptors - where
axons located in the sin
35
Cutaneous thermoreceptors - what
TELL US ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS often bimodal (T and touch) may be warm or cold (10X as many cold sensitive)
36
Visceral thermoreceptors - what
sense core temperature | sense threats to maintenance (food ingested may change body T - tell hypothalamus about these threats) feed forward
37
Central thermoreceptors - where
preoptic and superoptic regions of hypothalamus
38
central thermoreceptors - what
neuron cell bodies sensitive to changes in T | 3X as many warm sensitive, they relay their information to other areas of the hypothalamus
39
Detection of CORE temp
preoptic and superoptic regions of hypothalamus and visceral thermoreceptors
40
detection of ENVIRONMENTAL temp
cutaneous thermoreceptors
41
Hypothalamus - thermoregulation
integration of afferent determination of set point compare set point to core T - if different , generate response (feedback) respond to environment (feed forward)
42
Two general categories of effectors
heat loss | heat production
43
Heat production mechanisms and ways of producing heat
ANS - sympathetic system Hormonal - thyroxin, epi, norepi Muscular activity - shivering, jumping up and down Non shivering thermogenesis (non muscular)
44
Heat production - muscular activity
Shivering= dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus (increase motorneuron excitation) increase voluntary activity = cortex (jumping, running)
45
Heat production - non shivering thermogenesis
Hormonal influence strong = thyroxin increases metabolic rate (heat production), stimulus for TRH release is cold; epinephrine Increae food intake= increase metabolism Brown adipose tissue
46
Heat production - brown adipose tissue
low efficiency hydrolysis of ATP (=lots of heat production) sympathetic innervation of brown fat, circulating dpi importance in human = strong in infants, recent evidence shows existence in adults, but located more in white fat (requires exposure to cole and sympathetic activation)
47
Heat loss - evaporative heat loss (EHL), two kinds
energy (heat) lost as water evaporate 1. insensible (respiratory) 2. sweating (controlled)
48
Heat loss - convection and conduction
convection = movement of molecules away from contact (air heating and rising) conduction= transfer of heat between objects in physical contact with one another
49
Heat loss - convection and conduction
convection = movement of molecules away from contact (air heating and rising) conduction= transfer of heat between objects in physical contact with one another
50
Heat loss - radiation
infrared radiation transferring heat between 2 objects not in physical contact (you and the walls)
51
Heat loss - can we control these forms (convection, conduction, and radiation) of heat loss
yes, put on a jacket
52
In order to respond to changes in core temperature, the hypothalamus will
adjust both heat loss and heat production
53
Integrative responses to increased Core T
Tb> Tsetpoint decrease heat production (apathy inertia, anorexia) increase heat loss (blood to skin, EHL - sweat, insensible heat loss - pant)
54
Heat loss - cutaneous blood
how much blood is sent to the skin determines how much heat moves from blood to external environment
55
Heat loss - sweating (innervation)
sympathetic CHOLINERGIC innervation | Ach is NT, binding to a muscarinic receptor (anatomically sympathetic) - want to vasodilate so ACH is the NT of choice
56
Heat loss - sweating (sweat gland)
lots of blood vessels nearby coiled region by vessels duct leading to skin sweat starts out as a filtrate of plasma
57
Sweating process
plasma and ions (no proteins) are filtered from blood vessel to sweat glands --> primary secretion is high in WATER, Na--> water, Na are reabsorbed (taken back to the blood) in the duct of the sweat gland-->sweat is released to environment
58
sweating - low flow rate:
concentrated, little water, high Na
59
sweating - high flow rate:
lots of water, little Na, dilute
60
Sweating - along the duct reabsorb
Na, Cl and water | aldosterone can help reabsorb the Na
61
Integrative responses to Decreased Core temp
Tsetpoint> Tb increase heat production (shivering, non shivering thermogenesis) decrease heat loss (blood away from skin, decrease evaporative heat loss)
62
Fever - definition
a controlled increase in body temperature
63
fever - implication
set point increase: body T is only doing what hypothalamus directs it to do
64
Making of a fever
Step 1 - the bug (secretion of endotoxins), immune cells (release cytokines) lead to production of PGE2 --> increase hypothalamic set point for T. TBTSETPOINT Step 5 - increase heat loss, decrease heat production Step 6 - TB=TSETPOINT, real comfort
65
Hyper and hypothermia - definition
uncontrolled changes in body temperature
66
hyper and hypothermia - implications
set point remains normal environmental stresses exceed body;s ability to regulate temperature at extremes - hypothalmic regulation may be lost

Neuro I (30 decks)

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