Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro I > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

acquisition of new information (facts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Memory

A

retention of new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

learning and memory enable us to modify our behavior based on

A

new information and to extrapolate to unfamiliar situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Procedural memory

A

implicit memory
non-declarative
reflexive memory

skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

procedural memory - anatomic substrates

A

cerebellum - motor skills

nucleus accumbens - non motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Declarative memroy

A

explicit memory
the conscious recognition/ recollection of learned facts and experiences
subdivided into two forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

two forms of declarative memory

A

episodic - memory of events

semantic - memory of words, language, and rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Declarative and procedural memory are coded for using

A

distinct anatomical stubstrates -

the physiology is not very different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Can also classify memory based on duration

A

short term
long term
working

the neural mechanism for each of these is DIFFERENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

short term memory

A

sec -hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Long term memory

A

years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WOrking memory

A

recalling a fact/memory for use - it may be a subset of short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Working memory, ie

A

recalling a fact for use in a test question
you’ve learned it, now are retrieving it for use
will look very much like short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

declarative memory ie

A

the fact you learned for the test

this is events or facts stored in your memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

procedural memory i.e.

A

bike riding

motor skills that are used so much that you memorize the motor sequence required to produce the action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

short term memory i.e.

A

the fact that you crammed in 5 minutes before the test began

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

long term memory i.e.

A

the memories of your life so far

involve changes in synapses, new synapses, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The production of memory and learning requires the induction of

A

neuronal and synaptic plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Plasticity

A

alterations in the CNS based on use
may be synaptic function that;s altered
may be changes in the physical structure of the neurons (more synapses, new branches to new cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plasticity - 2 categories

A

changes in synaptic function

Changes in the structure of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

plasticity - changes in synaptic functioning (3)

A

post - tetanic potentiation
pre-synaptic facilitation
Long term potentiation (LTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

plasticity - changes in the structure of the neurons (3)

A

Gain/loss of synapses
structural changes in dendrites
structural changes in the soma of the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Post tetanic stimulation - conditions

A

breif, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
produces increased NT release
lasts about 60 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Post tetanic stimulation - Mechanism

A

the high level of stimulation allowed more Ca to enter the terminal than could be death with (faster than the Ca exchange pump can pump the Ca out)

With more Ca, mor vesicles fuse, leading to greater NT release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
post tetanic stimulation duration
SHORT lasting, only lasts as long as it take the pump to get the CA out. but sets the stage for other things.
26
post tetanic stimulation duration
SHORT lasting, only lasts as long as it take the pump to get the CA out. but sets the stage for other things.
27
Pre synaptic facilitation
start with a "normal" chemical synapse-->add another neuron that synapses on the presynaptic terminal of neuron A-->when activated, this terminal releases Serotonin,--> binding of the 5HT leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP--> K channels in Neuron A become phophoyrlated and opening is delayed = depolarization is delayed because the AP sticks around longer, we see greater NT release
28
LTP - definition
a series of changed in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released NT must last for HOURS after the stimulation usually follows strong stimulation NT can be EAA
29
LTP - definition
a series of changed in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released NT must last for HOURS after the stimulation usually follows strong stimulation NT can be EAA
30
LTP - mechanism (getting Ca into cell)
Eaa binds AMPA receptor, Na enters cell depolarization--> displacement of Mg in NMDA channel EAA binds NMDA and Ca can flow into cell Ca is curcial to the development of LTP
31
LTP - how we get increased Na influx in response to EAA
Ca binds to calmodulin--> increased AC/cAMP--> phosphorylation of AMPA receptor= leave AMPA open longer to allow more Na into the POSTsynaptic cell (increase likelihood of AP from that cell)
32
LTP - Ca and presynaptic cell modifications
Ca binds to calcineurin--> activation of NOS--> production of NO--> acts on the PREsynaptic cell to increase cGMP and increase NT release
33
LTP - CREB
LTP is also associated with gene transcription related to increased CREB. with crab we can create the proteins that are going to help us with LTP
34
learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by blocking ______ this tells us that ____
protein synthesis | protein synthesis is crucial
35
protein synthesis involves the
pre and post synaptic cells
36
Gene transcription related to increased CREB in What cells? What do the proteins produced include
pre and post synaptic cells NT synthetic enzymes NT receptors proteins required for growth/synapse formation
37
post tetanic potentiation
increased activity increases amount of Ca in pre synaptic terminal increasing NT release
38
presynaptic facilitation
serotonin release/binding to receptors on presynaptic terminal increases NT release by keeping neuron depolarized longer
39
LTP
changes in both pre and post synaptic responses to NT release so same NT release creates larger response (NMDA receptors) lasts for hours
40
CREB
changes in synapse structure (permanent)
41
Creating declarative (explicit) Memories - 4 parts
1. encoding 2. storage of the information 3. consolidation 4. retreival
42
encoding
attending to new info linking it to previous memories higher cognitive funcitoning
43
storage of the information
retention of information over time | long term capacity not limited
44
consolidation
process of making a memory permanent | involves physical changes in synaptic structure
45
Retrieval
recalling or using the memory bringing it into working memory can be modified/lost at this point
46
Retrieval
recalling or using the memory bringing it into working memory can be modified/lost at this point
47
Short term memory - anatomical substrates (3)
hippocampus parahipocampal cortex prefrontal cortex
48
Short term memory - other interconnections
there are also interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via the nucleus basal is of MEynert (cholinergic projection, a particular target of Alzheimer;s disease)
49
Short term memory - physiological substrate
LTP
50
Short term memory - remember!
this is our TEMPORARY storehouse for memory | to move to long term, we need consolidation
51
Storage of the information - temporary storage
``` short term memory: hippocampus parahippocampal cortex prefronal cortex LTP in these areas allows us to store information ```
52
Consolidation - requires
HIPPOCAMPUS temporal lobes Papez circuit
53
papez circuit
hypothalamus/mammillary bodies -->anterior thalamus--> cingulate cortex--> hippocampus--> REPEAT
54
consolidating memory from short to long term
the "memory" is repeatedly sent through the Papez circuit, thus setting up the conditions required to induce LTP and neuronal plasticity (the repeated activation), back to the cortex, etc Eventually the limbic system is not required for access to the memory
55
Long term memory- stored in the area of the cortex related to
the modality of the individual components (i.e. visual information is stored in visual cortex, etc)
56
Consolidation
requires continued activation of circuit ANATOMY - papez circuit, temporal lobes, hippocampus PHYSIOLOGY - LTP as starting point, continued activation (papez circuit), creates new synapses in required regions of the brain (visual, auditory, etc)
57
Long term memory "reassembling" - requires
neocortex parahippocampal regions hippocampus
58
Recalling/retreiving memories - information related to each component of the memory is sent to the
parahippocampal regions
59
from the parahippocampla cortex, the components are sent to
the hippocampus, where the entire memory is "reconstructed"
60
after the hippocampus "reconstructs" the entire memory, information travels through the ______ to the _____
parahippocampus | cortex
61
the parahippocampus is important in prolonging he life of the
cortical "trace" of the memory
62
the parahippocampus is important in prolonging he life of the
cortical "trace" of the memory
63
retreival
must take the memory components (visual etc) from "storage area" back to parahippocampal cotex to hippocampus (reconstructs the memory) to cortex via parahippocampal region (keeps the trace)
64
Working memory - using retrieved memories | Three component model
central executive phonological loop visuospatial loop
65
Three component model - functions
central executive - what actually decides the facts you need to start saying "i was sitting here, looking at…" phonological loop - the words associated with the memory visuospatial loop - the physical circumstances
66
Three component model - anatomy
central executive - prefronal cortex phonological loop - Broca's and Wernicke's visuospatial loop - occipital cortex associated with vision
67
Spatial memory - a special case
unlike other long-term memories, a detailed memory of space is stored in the HIPPOCAMPUS, using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as place cells it appears that this spatial map serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory
68
spatial memory uses special ____ cells in _____ known as _____ cells
pyramidal cells in CA1 place cells
69
detailed memory of space is stored in
the hippocampus
70
______ serves as the anchor for the reconstruction of memory
spatial map created by place cells
71
Working memory
Central executive (prefrontal cortex) - directs/uses phonological loop (broca and wernicke) - provide/interpret the auditory information associated with memory visuospatial loop (occipital cortex, others) - provide/interpret the visual information associated with the memory
72
Spatial memory
special map in hippocampus codes for the physical space of the memory place neurons in CA1 respond to specific locations within the space (a window, a door, etc) this map is believed to anchor the entire memory

Neuro I (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions