Special Senses - Hearing and the Vestibular System

Question 1

Outer ear fxn

Answer 1

funnel sound waves into the ear

Question 2

middle ear fan

Answer 2

impedance matching - sound wave has been moving through air, but now we are going to move it through fluid

Question 3

inner ear

Answer 3

cochleas converts sound waves to action potentials

Question 4

the two continuous fluid filled compartments of the cochlea

Answer 4

scala vestiboli and scala timpani

Question 5

fluid inside the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Answer 5

Perilymph

Question 6

perilymph composition

Answer 6

simialar to the ECF

High Na, low K

Question 7

Basilar and Reissner;s membrane create what chamber

Answer 7

scala media

Question 8

the scala media is isolated from the _____ and is instead filled with ______

Answer 8

perilymph

endolymph

Question 9

composition of endolymph

Answer 9

high in K, low in Na

will have a significant effect on the transduction of sound waves into action potentials

Question 10

Perilymph
where
composition similar to
ion composition

Answer 10

scala vestiboli and scala timpani
CSF/ECF
High Na, low K

Question 11

Endolymph
where
composition similar to
ion composition

Answer 11

scala media
intracellular fluid
high K, low Na

Question 12

head motions are crucial for helping external ear funnel sound waves into ear. what do we do

Answer 12

turn our head towards the noise to improve the ability of the ear to collect sound waves (maximize the difference between ears for localization

Question 13

The ______ transmit and amplify sound waves from tympanic membrane to _____

Answer 13

ossicles

oval window of cochlea

Question 14

Inner ear physiology of sound

Answer 14

the impact of the stapes on the oval window causes the basilar membrane to vibrate at the same frequency of sound

Question 15

the basilar membrane vibrates _____ with impact, _____ with release

Answer 15

down

up

Question 16

high frequency sounds cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane where

Answer 16

closest to the oval window (short wavelength)

Question 17

low frequency sounds cause the max vibration of the basilar membrane where

Answer 17

fastest away from the oval window, towards the helicotrema (long wavelength)

Question 18

each hair cell is composed of a distinct arrangement of

Answer 18

shorter sterocilia that increase in length

Question 19

are the stereo cilia true cilia

Answer 19

no

Question 20

each stereo cilia is connected to another at the top by

Answer 20

an extracellular filamentous protein known as the TIP LINK

so they all move as one

Question 21

During development, there is a since true cilium called

Answer 21

the kinocilium.

Question 22

the tallest of the :hairs: on the hair cell

Answer 22

the kinocilium

Question 23

the kinocilium ____ around the time of birth

Answer 23

degenerateds

Question 24

when sound causes the basilar membrane to vibrate what happens in the tectorial membrane? how does this affect the hair cells?

Answer 24

the connections between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane cause the tectorial membrane to move as well

this motion bends the hair cells

Question 25

If steriocilia are bent TOWARDS The kinocilium (or where it used to be) the hair cell

Answer 25

depolarizes

Question 26

if the stereo cilia move away from the kinocilium, the hair cell

Answer 26

hyperpolarizes

Question 27

bending the hair cells towards the kinocilium opens

Answer 27

K channels that depolarize the cell | - due to the composition of the endolymph, K enters the hair cells and causes it to depolarize

Question 28

The path of auditory processing splits into

Answer 28

two parallel paths in the cochlear nuclei

Question 29

The ventral path processes

Answer 29

temporal and spectral features of sound

Question 30

the dorsal path integrates the

Answer 30

acoustic information with somatosensory information for localizing sound

Question 31

medial superior olive generates

Answer 31

a map of the intramural time differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently) microseconds matter

Question 32

lateral superior olive generates

Answer 32

a map of the intramural intensity differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently) the amplitude of the ound when it reaches the scond ear is slightly reduced

Question 33

time and intensity differences are crucial information in

Answer 33

determining where a sound originated from

Question 34

the inferior colliculus

Answer 34

supresses information related to echoes and arrives at a final estimation of sound location on the horizon

Question 35

the superior colliculus

Answer 35

takes the location data from the inferior colliculus and adds the third dimension to it VERTICAL HEIGHT to create the spatial map of the sound;s location

Question 36

The primary auditory cortex A1 has a _____ representation of sounds

Answer 36

tonotopic

Question 37

More rostral areas of A1 are activated by

Answer 37

low frequency sounds

Question 38

more caudal areas of A1 are activated by

Answer 38

high frequency sounds

Question 39

The Auditory Association cortex is composed of______. Purpose?

Answer 39

several different types of areas has neurons that are activated by complex sounds. Purpose ois processing of complex sounds, i.e. music, identification of sound (naming) and speech

Question 40

Linear acceleration occurs in

Answer 40

the horizontal or vertical plane

Question 41

angular acceleration requires

Answer 41

rotation around one or more planes

Question 42

Types of angular acceleration

Answer 42

can spin around vertical axis can fall forward can fall backward

Question 43

In real life, most motions are

Answer 43

combinations of several accelerations

Question 44

swelling where the three semicircular ducts connect

Answer 44

utricle

Question 45

below the utricle

Answer 45

saccule

Question 46

acceleration is detected by

Answer 46

semicircular ducts utricle saccule each is oriented to be best at detecting acceleration in one of the planes

Question 47

What type of fluid is found int the vstibular apparatus

Answer 47

endolymph (high K)

Question 48

what type of fluid surrounds the vestibular apparatus

Answer 48

perilymph (high Na)

Question 49

utrical detects

Answer 49

linear motion along horizontal plane

Question 50

saccule detects

Answer 50

linear motion in a vertical plane

Question 51

Horizontal aka lateral canals detect

Answer 51

horizontal turning motion

Question 52

posterior semicircular canal detects

Answer 52

falling posterior | falling backwards

Question 53

the anterior semicircular cana detects

Answer 53

falling anterior | falling foward

Question 54

process of activating different vestibular organs

Answer 54

movement of hair cells in one direction is excitatory, movement in the opposite direction inhibits

Question 55

in semicircular canals ____ is specialized for acceleration

Answer 55

ampulla

Question 56

in utricle and saccule, the _____ is specialized for acceleration

Answer 56

macula

Question 57

otolith organs

Answer 57

utricle and saccule

Question 58

organs with cupula

Answer 58

semicircular ducts

Question 59

how do we go from activating vestibular organs to sending information to brain

Answer 59

motion of the body (particularly the head) will produce motion of the endolymph in the appropriate vestibular organ, bending the hair cells in the ampullae or macula (depending on the type of motion) and activating the nerves

Question 60

regardless of which way we are falling/moving, reflexes are designed to

Answer 60

keep our focus on the horizon (a spot directly in front of us)

Question 61

as I spin, eyes rotate

Answer 61

horizontally until i can no longer physically focus on that spent, at which time they jump to pick a new spot

Question 62

fall forward, eyes move

Answer 62

up

Question 63

fall backward, eyes move

Answer 63

down

Question 64

If the anterior semicircular canal is active, the ______ is activated while the ____ is inhibited

Answer 64

superior rectus m inferior rectus m eyes move up to continue to focus as you fall forward

Question 65

if the posterior semicircular canal is active, the ___ is activated while the _____ is inhibited

Answer 65

superior oblique m inferior oblique m eyes move down to continue to focus on a point as you fall backwards

Question 66

if the horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal is active, the ________ is active while the _______ is inhibited in the eye ipsilateral to the rotation. The control lateral eye activates the ________ and inhibits the _______.

Answer 66

medial rectus lateral rectus lateral rectus medial rectus eyes move left or right to continue focus as you spin around

Question 67

role of cerebral cortex and cerebellum in the integration of vestibular information and the control of gaze

Answer 67

the vast majority of the cortical and cerebellar involvement in the vestibulooptic reflexes is to suppress the reflex to allow for voluntary motion