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Neuro I > Special Senses - Hearing and the Vestibular System > Flashcards

Special Senses - Hearing and the Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Outer ear fxn

A

funnel sound waves into the ear

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2
Q

middle ear fan

A

impedance matching - sound wave has been moving through air, but now we are going to move it through fluid

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3
Q

inner ear

A

cochleas converts sound waves to action potentials

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4
Q

the two continuous fluid filled compartments of the cochlea

A

scala vestiboli and scala timpani

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5
Q

fluid inside the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

A

Perilymph

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6
Q

perilymph composition

A

simialar to the ECF

High Na, low K

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7
Q

Basilar and Reissner;s membrane create what chamber

A

scala media

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8
Q

the scala media is isolated from the _____ and is instead filled with ______

A

perilymph

endolymph

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9
Q

composition of endolymph

A

high in K, low in Na

will have a significant effect on the transduction of sound waves into action potentials

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10
Q

Perilymph
where
composition similar to
ion composition

A

scala vestiboli and scala timpani
CSF/ECF
High Na, low K

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11
Q

Endolymph
where
composition similar to
ion composition

A

scala media
intracellular fluid
high K, low Na

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12
Q

head motions are crucial for helping external ear funnel sound waves into ear. what do we do

A

turn our head towards the noise to improve the ability of the ear to collect sound waves (maximize the difference between ears for localization

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13
Q

The ______ transmit and amplify sound waves from tympanic membrane to _____

A

ossicles

oval window of cochlea

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14
Q

Inner ear physiology of sound

A

the impact of the stapes on the oval window causes the basilar membrane to vibrate at the same frequency of sound

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15
Q

the basilar membrane vibrates _____ with impact, _____ with release

A

down

up

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16
Q

high frequency sounds cause the maximum vibration of the basilar membrane where

A

closest to the oval window (short wavelength)

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17
Q

low frequency sounds cause the max vibration of the basilar membrane where

A

fastest away from the oval window, towards the helicotrema (long wavelength)

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18
Q

each hair cell is composed of a distinct arrangement of

A

shorter sterocilia that increase in length

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19
Q

are the stereo cilia true cilia

A

no

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20
Q

each stereo cilia is connected to another at the top by

A

an extracellular filamentous protein known as the TIP LINK

so they all move as one

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21
Q

During development, there is a since true cilium called

A

the kinocilium.

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22
Q

the tallest of the :hairs: on the hair cell

A

the kinocilium

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23
Q

the kinocilium ____ around the time of birth

A

degenerateds

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24
Q

when sound causes the basilar membrane to vibrate what happens in the tectorial membrane? how does this affect the hair cells?

A

the connections between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane cause the tectorial membrane to move as well

this motion bends the hair cells

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25
Q

If steriocilia are bent TOWARDS The kinocilium (or where it used to be) the hair cell

A

depolarizes

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26
Q

if the stereo cilia move away from the kinocilium, the hair cell

A

hyperpolarizes

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27
Q

bending the hair cells towards the kinocilium opens

A

K channels that depolarize the cell

- due to the composition of the endolymph, K enters the hair cells and causes it to depolarize

28
Q

The path of auditory processing splits into

A

two parallel paths in the cochlear nuclei

29
Q

The ventral path processes

A

temporal and spectral features of sound

30
Q

the dorsal path integrates the

A

acoustic information with somatosensory information for localizing sound

31
Q

medial superior olive generates

A

a map of the intramural time differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently) microseconds matter

32
Q

lateral superior olive generates

A

a map of the intramural intensity differences (how the sound arrived at the two ears differently)
the amplitude of the ound when it reaches the scond ear is slightly reduced

33
Q

time and intensity differences are crucial information in

A

determining where a sound originated from

34
Q

the inferior colliculus

A

supresses information related to echoes and arrives at a final estimation of sound location on the horizon

35
Q

the superior colliculus

A

takes the location data from the inferior colliculus and adds the third dimension to it VERTICAL HEIGHT to create the spatial map of the sound;s location

36
Q

The primary auditory cortex A1 has a _____ representation of sounds

A

tonotopic

37
Q

More rostral areas of A1 are activated by

A

low frequency sounds

38
Q

more caudal areas of A1 are activated by

A

high frequency sounds

39
Q

The Auditory Association cortex is composed of______. Purpose?

A

several different types of areas
has neurons that are activated by complex sounds. Purpose ois processing of complex sounds, i.e. music, identification of sound (naming) and speech

40
Q

Linear acceleration occurs in

A

the horizontal or vertical plane

41
Q

angular acceleration requires

A

rotation around one or more planes

42
Q

Types of angular acceleration

A

can spin around vertical axis
can fall forward
can fall backward

43
Q

In real life, most motions are

A

combinations of several accelerations

44
Q

swelling where the three semicircular ducts connect

A

utricle

45
Q

below the utricle

A

saccule

46
Q

acceleration is detected by

A

semicircular ducts
utricle
saccule

each is oriented to be best at detecting acceleration in one of the planes

47
Q

What type of fluid is found int the vstibular apparatus

A

endolymph (high K)

48
Q

what type of fluid surrounds the vestibular apparatus

A

perilymph (high Na)

49
Q

utrical detects

A

linear motion along horizontal plane

50
Q

saccule detects

A

linear motion in a vertical plane

51
Q

Horizontal aka lateral canals detect

A

horizontal turning motion

52
Q

posterior semicircular canal detects

A

falling posterior

falling backwards

53
Q

the anterior semicircular cana detects

A

falling anterior

falling foward

54
Q

process of activating different vestibular organs

A

movement of hair cells in one direction is excitatory, movement in the opposite direction inhibits

55
Q

in semicircular canals ____ is specialized for acceleration

A

ampulla

56
Q

in utricle and saccule, the _____ is specialized for acceleration

A

macula

57
Q

otolith organs

A

utricle and saccule

58
Q

organs with cupula

A

semicircular ducts

59
Q

how do we go from activating vestibular organs to sending information to brain

A

motion of the body (particularly the head) will produce motion of the endolymph in the appropriate vestibular organ, bending the hair cells in the ampullae or macula (depending on the type of motion) and activating the nerves

60
Q

regardless of which way we are falling/moving, reflexes are designed to

A

keep our focus on the horizon (a spot directly in front of us)

61
Q

as I spin, eyes rotate

A

horizontally until i can no longer physically focus on that spent, at which time they jump to pick a new spot

62
Q

fall forward, eyes move

A

up

63
Q

fall backward, eyes move

A

down

64
Q

If the anterior semicircular canal is active, the ______ is activated while the ____ is inhibited

A

superior rectus m
inferior rectus m
eyes move up to continue to focus as you fall forward

65
Q

if the posterior semicircular canal is active, the ___ is activated while the _____ is inhibited

A

superior oblique m
inferior oblique m
eyes move down to continue to focus on a point as you fall backwards

66
Q

if the horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal is active, the ________ is active while the _______ is inhibited in the eye ipsilateral to the rotation.
The control lateral eye activates the ________ and inhibits the _______.

A

medial rectus
lateral rectus

lateral rectus
medial rectus

eyes move left or right to continue focus as you spin around

67
Q

role of cerebral cortex and cerebellum in the integration of vestibular information and the control of gaze

A

the vast majority of the cortical and cerebellar involvement in the vestibulooptic reflexes is to suppress the reflex to allow for voluntary motion

Neuro I (30 decks)

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