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Neuro I > Gustatory and Olfactory System Histology > Flashcards

Gustatory and Olfactory System Histology Flashcards

0
Q

In what directions is the skeletal muscle of the tongue organized

A

longitudinal, transverse, and oblique

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1
Q

What portion of the tongue consists of a core mass of skeletal muscle oriented in three directions

A

anterior 2/3

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2
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue displays what

A

aggregates of lymphatic tissue, the lingual tonsils

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3
Q

The tongue is developed from which branchial arches

A

1-4

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4
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the tongue comes from which branchial arches. What are their innervation

A

1st and 2nd

trigeminal (1) and facial (2)

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5
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue comes from what branchial arches? What are their innervation

A

3rd and 4th
glossopharyngeal
vagus

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6
Q

Dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by what kind of epithelium

A

non keritinized stratified squamous epithelium (supported by a lamina propria, associates with the muscle core of the tongue)

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7
Q

what kind of papillae are located in front ot the v shaped sulcus terminalis, what are they associated with

A

circumvalate papillae, ebners glands

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8
Q

What are the four pairs of intrinsic muscles in the tongue

A

superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transversus linguae
verticalis linguae

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9
Q

Serous and mucous glands extend across the ________ and the _____

A

lamina propria and the muscle

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the serous and mucous glands

A

suspend tastants so they can be taken and delivered to taste buds

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11
Q

where do the ducts of serous and mucous glands open

A

into the crypts and furrows of the lingual tonsils and circumvallate papillae

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12
Q

What forms a lingual papilla

A

a core of CT, and an epithelial layer on top (stratified squamous epithelium)

the CT is highly vascular

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13
Q

What are the four types of lingual papillae?

A

filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

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14
Q

What are the three types of papillae that contain taste buds?

A

fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

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15
Q

Describe the type of lingual papilla that doesn’t contain taste buds

A

filliform - have barbs that grab ahold of food. Dogs and cats have a lot of these

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16
Q

Describe geographic tongue

A

oral manifestation of psoriasis
dermatological condition which causes patches of dry, flaky, itchy skin
classic manifestation= area of erythema, with atrophy of filiform papille of tong, surrounded by serpiginous white, hyperkaratotic border

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17
Q

What type of epithelium are found on fungiform papillae? where are their taste buds located?

A

non keritinized stratified squamous

taste buds along apical surface

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18
Q

What types of lingual papillae are the serous glands (Ebner’s) associated with

A

circumvallate and foliate.

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19
Q

What layers of the tongue are ebner’s glands found in

A

in the CT, in contact with the underlying muscle

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20
Q

What do the ebner’s glands secrete (2)

A

lingual lipase and VEGP

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21
Q

What does Von Ebner’s Gland Protein (VEGP) do

A

undertakes selective binding of sapid (flavorful) chemicals and their transport to taste receptors.

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22
Q

What type of epithelium are associated with foliate papillae? What structures are associated with them?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Von Ebner’s glands (Serous glands)

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23
Q

How are foliate papillae arranged? where are their taste buds located

A

parallel rows

taste buds in lateral walls.

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24
Q

What part of the tongue are circumvallate papillae located

A

posterior part, aligned in front of the sulcus terminalis

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25
Q

Describe the circumvallate papillae

A

circumvallate= wall-like

occupy a recess in the mucosa, and therefore are surrounded by a circular furrow or trench

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26
Q

What is the benefit of the trench surrounding a circumvallate papilla

A

can suspend fluid in it and localized tastant particles in that trench. difficult for them to get out, easier for taste buds to access

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27
Q

Where are the taste buds located in circumvallate papillae?

A

sides of the papillae and the facing wall of the furrow

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28
Q

How many cells are there in a taste bud

A

50- 150, with the narrow, apical end of the taste bud extending into a taste pore

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29
Q

What are the three components of each taste bud

A

taste receptor cells
supporting cells
precursor cells

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30
Q

Where are the ovoid chemoreceptors found in the tongue

A

papillae
soft palate
posterior pharynx
epiglotis

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31
Q

life span of taste receptor cells

A

10-14 days

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32
Q

Describe the life cycle of taste receptor cells

A

precursor cells give rise to supporting cells (immature taste cells) which in turn become mature taste receptor cells.

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33
Q

How to taste receptor cells communicate with the cranial nerves

A

basal portion of taste receptor cell makes contact with an afferent nerve terminal derived from neurons in the sensory ganglia of the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

(each taste receptor cell has its own afferent nerve fiber coming out of it)

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34
Q

Mechanism of taste

A

tastant binds taste receptor
GPCR, causes the cell to either depolarize or hyperpolarize
a change in intracellular Ca2+ triggers the release of NTs at the afferent synapse with the afferent nerve terminal
AP goes back to brain through cranial nerves to be analyzed

35
Q

Nerve fibers innervate which cells in taste buds

A

all three

basal cells, supporting cells, receptor cells

36
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

37
Q

Facial nerve carries what sensations

A

all 5

38
Q

glossopharyngeal carries what taste sensations

A

sweet and bitter

39
Q

Nontaster, normal and super taster is based on density of what

A

fungiform papillae

40
Q

Sweet stimuli is sensed where

what type of compounds

A

tip of tongue (sugars)

41
Q

Salty stimuli is tasted where

what type of compounds

A

posterior and lateral to tip of tongue

sodium

42
Q

Sour is tasted where

what type of compounds

A

on anterior 2/3 of dorsum and along the lateral margin

acidic, H+

43
Q

Bitter tastants are what kind of compounds

A

varied compounds with no common molecular structure

caffeine, morphine, nicotine

44
Q

Is there a genetic component to taste?

A

yes - some people more sensitive to bitter (kohlrabi test)

45
Q

Umami is linked to a specialized receptor for what

A

L glutamate and other amino acids.

46
Q

Umami is associated with

A

meats, cheeses, some vegies, glutamate signals presence of proteins and causes intake of proteinious foods.

added to processed foods as MSG, which is a flavor enhancer

47
Q

taste buds on the palate register primarily (2)

A

bitter and sour

48
Q

Posterior pharynx and epiglottis register which modalities

A

all 5

49
Q

CD36

A

Protein receptor that specifucally responds to the flavor of fat
functions to facilitate the uptake of fatty acids
may also increase preference for fatty foods.

50
Q

Sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

lingual nerve (trigeminal)

51
Q

innervation of taste buds to anterior 2/3 of tongue (SVA)

A

facial nerve

52
Q

Origin of ant 2/3 of tongue

A

median tongue bud, lateral lingual swellings

53
Q

Origin of posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

hypopharyngeal eminence

54
Q

Sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

55
Q

innervation of taste buds (SVA) to posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

glossopharyngeal

vagus

56
Q

Type of epithelium that lines the nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

57
Q

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains both _______ and _______ ______ and their function is to

The lamina propria also contains extensive ______ or _____ for _______

A

serous and mucous glands
moisten inspired air and trap particulate contaminants
vascular plexus swell/cavernous bodies for temperature control

58
Q

what are the immune cells present in the nasal cavity

A 
mast cells 
plasma cells (IgA, IgE, IgG)
59
Q

Three functions of the nasal mucosa

A

air hydration
air filtration
temperature regulation

60
Q

Air hydration

A

secretions of serous and mucous glands and goblet cells moisten the surface of the nasal cavity
add water vapor to inspired air

61
Q

Air filtration

A

chonchae interrupt air flow and create turbulance
particulate matter thrown against chonchae and adheres to its moist surface
cilia move mucus/matter into nasopharynx

62
Q

Temperature regulation

A

superficial vascular plexus (swell bodies) within lamina propria
can warm or cool inspired air

63
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found. what type of epithelium is it?

A

restricted to roof of nasal cavity-upper surface of superior conchae
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with three types of cells.
underlying lamina propria also contains lymphoid cells

64
Q

What are the three types of cells in olfactory epithelium?

A

olfactory cells
supporting (sustentacular cells)
basal cells

65
Q

Describe olfactory cells

A

bipolar sensory neurons, span the thickness of the epithelium
dendrite extends to surface and dilates to form olfactory vesicle
projects, along with cilia, above epithelial surface
proximal surface extends basally, becomes a non- myelinated axon and forms bundles of nerve fibers - the fila olfactoria (goes up through cribiform plate)

66
Q

Describe the supporting cells (olfactory)

A

=sustentacular cells
columnar cells with oval nuclei
apical surface has microvilli submerged in seromucous fluid layer
light yellow pigment
PROIDE PHYSICAL SUPPORT, NOURISHMENT AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION (TIGHT JUNCTIONS AROUND THEM) FOR OLFACTORY CELLS.

67
Q

Describe the basal cells (olfactory)

A

mitotically avtive stem cells

produce daughter cells that first differentiate into immature olfactory cells and thn mature olfactory cells

68
Q

Do olfactory cells proliferate during adult life

A

yes

69
Q

what is the lifespan of an olfactory cell

A

30-60 days

70
Q

Cilia contain the ________. there are ~1000 genes expressing these, but each olfactory cell expresses only one ____ gene

A

olfactory receptor

OR

71
Q

Olfactory serous glands (aka______) secrete a serous fluid in which_____

A

glands of BOwman

odoriferous substances are dissolved

72
Q

The secretory fluid of the olfactory serous glands contains_____ with high binding affinity for a large number of odorant molecules . what is its purpose

A

odorant-binding protein OBP
OBP carries odorants to receptors present on the surface of the modified cilia and remeoves them after they have been sensed

73
Q

The secretory product of the glands of bowman contains protective substances such as

A

lysozyme and IgA secreted by plasma cells.

74
Q

Olfactory nerve filaments are bundled in groups of 10-100 and penetrate the ______ of the _____bone. reaching the ___________.
Here, the axon terminals connect with synaptic terminals of _____ cells, forming synaptic structures called _______.

A 
cribiform plate 
ethmoid bone
olfactory bulb
mitral cells
glomeruli
75
Q

The olfactory signal is sent by _______ cells through the olfactory nerve tract to the __________ of the brain

A

mitral

corticomedial amygdala portion

76
Q

temporary or permanant eamage to the olfactory epithelium causes

A

anosmia (loss of sense of smell)

77
Q

axons from olfactory cells with the same odorant receptor terminate in 1-3 ______ present in the olfactory bulb

A

glomeruli

78
Q

dendritic endings of predominantly mitral cells extend into the _______. Axons of mitral cells form the ________.

A

glomeruli

olfactory tract

79
Q

lifespan of olfactory receptor cells is ______. can regenerate from _____-

A

30-60 days

basal cells.

80
Q

Physical characteristics of Kallman syndrome

A

anosmia, small genitalia and sterile glands

81
Q

What is responsible for the anosmia in Kallman syndrome

A

lack of neurons in the brain (mitral cells) that receive input from olfactory nerurons (olfactory bulb does not develop)

82
Q

what is responsible for the small genitalia/sterility in Kallman syndrome?

A

lack of GnRH secreted by hypothalamus

GnRH required of secretion of LH, which is required for development of gonads and genital maturation

83
Q

GnRH secreting neurons originate where

A

NOT in the hypothalamus

originate in olfactory epithelium (vomeronasal organ) and migrate into the brain

84
Q

What is the mechanism of Kallman syndrome

A

failure of GnRH secreting neurons and olfactory neuron growth cones to migrate into the brain

(axons of olfactory neurons must contact developing brain to stimulate olfactory bulb development)
If they dont migrate, you dont get GnRH secreting neurons or mitral cells

85
Q

Genetic defect that causes Kallman syndrome

A

KAL-1 is the defective gene
codes for anosmin 1, a cell adhesion protein that is expressed in the olfactory system and the medial walls of primitive cerebral hemispheres.

Neuro I (30 decks)

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