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Neuro I > Gustatory and Olfactory System Histology > Flashcards

Gustatory and Olfactory System Histology Flashcards

0
Q

In what directions is the skeletal muscle of the tongue organized

A

longitudinal, transverse, and oblique

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1
Q

What portion of the tongue consists of a core mass of skeletal muscle oriented in three directions

A

anterior 2/3

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2
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue displays what

A

aggregates of lymphatic tissue, the lingual tonsils

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3
Q

The tongue is developed from which branchial arches

A

1-4

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4
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the tongue comes from which branchial arches. What are their innervation

A

1st and 2nd

trigeminal (1) and facial (2)

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5
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue comes from what branchial arches? What are their innervation

A

3rd and 4th
glossopharyngeal
vagus

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6
Q

Dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by what kind of epithelium

A

non keritinized stratified squamous epithelium (supported by a lamina propria, associates with the muscle core of the tongue)

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7
Q

what kind of papillae are located in front ot the v shaped sulcus terminalis, what are they associated with

A

circumvalate papillae, ebners glands

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8
Q

What are the four pairs of intrinsic muscles in the tongue

A

superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transversus linguae
verticalis linguae

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9
Q

Serous and mucous glands extend across the ________ and the _____

A

lamina propria and the muscle

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the serous and mucous glands

A

suspend tastants so they can be taken and delivered to taste buds

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11
Q

where do the ducts of serous and mucous glands open

A

into the crypts and furrows of the lingual tonsils and circumvallate papillae

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12
Q

What forms a lingual papilla

A

a core of CT, and an epithelial layer on top (stratified squamous epithelium)

the CT is highly vascular

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13
Q

What are the four types of lingual papillae?

A

filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

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14
Q

What are the three types of papillae that contain taste buds?

A

fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

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15
Q

Describe the type of lingual papilla that doesn’t contain taste buds

A

filliform - have barbs that grab ahold of food. Dogs and cats have a lot of these

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16
Q

Describe geographic tongue

A

oral manifestation of psoriasis
dermatological condition which causes patches of dry, flaky, itchy skin
classic manifestation= area of erythema, with atrophy of filiform papille of tong, surrounded by serpiginous white, hyperkaratotic border

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17
Q

What type of epithelium are found on fungiform papillae? where are their taste buds located?

A

non keritinized stratified squamous

taste buds along apical surface

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18
Q

What types of lingual papillae are the serous glands (Ebner’s) associated with

A

circumvallate and foliate.

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19
Q

What layers of the tongue are ebner’s glands found in

A

in the CT, in contact with the underlying muscle

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20
Q

What do the ebner’s glands secrete (2)

A

lingual lipase and VEGP

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21
Q

What does Von Ebner’s Gland Protein (VEGP) do

A

undertakes selective binding of sapid (flavorful) chemicals and their transport to taste receptors.

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22
Q

What type of epithelium are associated with foliate papillae? What structures are associated with them?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Von Ebner’s glands (Serous glands)

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23
Q

How are foliate papillae arranged? where are their taste buds located

A

parallel rows

taste buds in lateral walls.

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24
What part of the tongue are circumvallate papillae located
posterior part, aligned in front of the sulcus terminalis
25
Describe the circumvallate papillae
circumvallate= wall-like | occupy a recess in the mucosa, and therefore are surrounded by a circular furrow or trench
26
What is the benefit of the trench surrounding a circumvallate papilla
can suspend fluid in it and localized tastant particles in that trench. difficult for them to get out, easier for taste buds to access
27
Where are the taste buds located in circumvallate papillae?
sides of the papillae and the facing wall of the furrow
28
How many cells are there in a taste bud
50- 150, with the narrow, apical end of the taste bud extending into a taste pore
29
What are the three components of each taste bud
taste receptor cells supporting cells precursor cells
30
Where are the ovoid chemoreceptors found in the tongue
papillae soft palate posterior pharynx epiglotis
31
life span of taste receptor cells
10-14 days
32
Describe the life cycle of taste receptor cells
precursor cells give rise to supporting cells (immature taste cells) which in turn become mature taste receptor cells.
33
How to taste receptor cells communicate with the cranial nerves
basal portion of taste receptor cell makes contact with an afferent nerve terminal derived from neurons in the sensory ganglia of the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (each taste receptor cell has its own afferent nerve fiber coming out of it)
34
Mechanism of taste
tastant binds taste receptor GPCR, causes the cell to either depolarize or hyperpolarize a change in intracellular Ca2+ triggers the release of NTs at the afferent synapse with the afferent nerve terminal AP goes back to brain through cranial nerves to be analyzed
35
Nerve fibers innervate which cells in taste buds
all three | basal cells, supporting cells, receptor cells
36
What are the 5 taste sensations
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
37
Facial nerve carries what sensations
all 5
38
glossopharyngeal carries what taste sensations
sweet and bitter
39
Nontaster, normal and super taster is based on density of what
fungiform papillae
40
Sweet stimuli is sensed where | what type of compounds
tip of tongue (sugars)
41
Salty stimuli is tasted where | what type of compounds
posterior and lateral to tip of tongue | sodium
42
Sour is tasted where | what type of compounds
on anterior 2/3 of dorsum and along the lateral margin | acidic, H+
43
Bitter tastants are what kind of compounds
varied compounds with no common molecular structure | caffeine, morphine, nicotine
44
Is there a genetic component to taste?
yes - some people more sensitive to bitter (kohlrabi test)
45
Umami is linked to a specialized receptor for what
L glutamate and other amino acids.
46
Umami is associated with
meats, cheeses, some vegies, glutamate signals presence of proteins and causes intake of proteinious foods. added to processed foods as MSG, which is a flavor enhancer
47
taste buds on the palate register primarily (2)
bitter and sour
48
Posterior pharynx and epiglottis register which modalities
all 5
49
CD36
Protein receptor that specifucally responds to the flavor of fat functions to facilitate the uptake of fatty acids may also increase preference for fatty foods.
50
Sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue
lingual nerve (trigeminal)
51
innervation of taste buds to anterior 2/3 of tongue (SVA)
facial nerve
52
Origin of ant 2/3 of tongue
median tongue bud, lateral lingual swellings
53
Origin of posterior 1/3 of tongue
hypopharyngeal eminence
54
Sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve
55
innervation of taste buds (SVA) to posterior 1/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal | vagus
56
Type of epithelium that lines the nasal cavity
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
57
The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains both _______ and _______ ______ and their function is to The lamina propria also contains extensive ______ or _____ for _______
serous and mucous glands moisten inspired air and trap particulate contaminants vascular plexus swell/cavernous bodies for temperature control
58
what are the immune cells present in the nasal cavity
``` mast cells plasma cells (IgA, IgE, IgG) ```
59
Three functions of the nasal mucosa
air hydration air filtration temperature regulation
60
Air hydration
secretions of serous and mucous glands and goblet cells moisten the surface of the nasal cavity add water vapor to inspired air
61
Air filtration
chonchae interrupt air flow and create turbulance particulate matter thrown against chonchae and adheres to its moist surface cilia move mucus/matter into nasopharynx
62
Temperature regulation
superficial vascular plexus (swell bodies) within lamina propria can warm or cool inspired air
63
Where is olfactory epithelium found. what type of epithelium is it?
restricted to roof of nasal cavity-upper surface of superior conchae pseudostratified columnar epithelium with three types of cells. underlying lamina propria also contains lymphoid cells
64
What are the three types of cells in olfactory epithelium?
olfactory cells supporting (sustentacular cells) basal cells
65
Describe olfactory cells
bipolar sensory neurons, span the thickness of the epithelium dendrite extends to surface and dilates to form olfactory vesicle projects, along with cilia, above epithelial surface proximal surface extends basally, becomes a non- myelinated axon and forms bundles of nerve fibers - the fila olfactoria (goes up through cribiform plate)
66
Describe the supporting cells (olfactory)
=sustentacular cells columnar cells with oval nuclei apical surface has microvilli submerged in seromucous fluid layer light yellow pigment PROIDE PHYSICAL SUPPORT, NOURISHMENT AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION (TIGHT JUNCTIONS AROUND THEM) FOR OLFACTORY CELLS.
67
Describe the basal cells (olfactory)
mitotically avtive stem cells | produce daughter cells that first differentiate into immature olfactory cells and thn mature olfactory cells
68
Do olfactory cells proliferate during adult life
yes
69
what is the lifespan of an olfactory cell
30-60 days
70
Cilia contain the ________. there are ~1000 genes expressing these, but each olfactory cell expresses only one ____ gene
olfactory receptor | OR
71
Olfactory serous glands (aka______) secrete a serous fluid in which_____
glands of BOwman | odoriferous substances are dissolved
72
The secretory fluid of the olfactory serous glands contains_____ with high binding affinity for a large number of odorant molecules . what is its purpose
odorant-binding protein OBP OBP carries odorants to receptors present on the surface of the modified cilia and remeoves them after they have been sensed
73
The secretory product of the glands of bowman contains protective substances such as
lysozyme and IgA secreted by plasma cells.
74
Olfactory nerve filaments are bundled in groups of 10-100 and penetrate the ______ of the _____bone. reaching the ___________. Here, the axon terminals connect with synaptic terminals of _____ cells, forming synaptic structures called _______.
``` cribiform plate ethmoid bone olfactory bulb mitral cells glomeruli ```
75
The olfactory signal is sent by _______ cells through the olfactory nerve tract to the __________ of the brain
mitral | corticomedial amygdala portion
76
temporary or permanant eamage to the olfactory epithelium causes
anosmia (loss of sense of smell)
77
axons from olfactory cells with the same odorant receptor terminate in 1-3 ______ present in the olfactory bulb
glomeruli
78
dendritic endings of predominantly mitral cells extend into the _______. Axons of mitral cells form the ________.
glomeruli | olfactory tract
79
lifespan of olfactory receptor cells is ______. can regenerate from _____-
30-60 days | basal cells.
80
Physical characteristics of Kallman syndrome
anosmia, small genitalia and sterile glands
81
What is responsible for the anosmia in Kallman syndrome
lack of neurons in the brain (mitral cells) that receive input from olfactory nerurons (olfactory bulb does not develop)
82
what is responsible for the small genitalia/sterility in Kallman syndrome?
lack of GnRH secreted by hypothalamus | GnRH required of secretion of LH, which is required for development of gonads and genital maturation
83
GnRH secreting neurons originate where
NOT in the hypothalamus | originate in olfactory epithelium (vomeronasal organ) and migrate into the brain
84
What is the mechanism of Kallman syndrome
failure of GnRH secreting neurons and olfactory neuron growth cones to migrate into the brain (axons of olfactory neurons must contact developing brain to stimulate olfactory bulb development) If they dont migrate, you dont get GnRH secreting neurons or mitral cells
85
Genetic defect that causes Kallman syndrome
KAL-1 is the defective gene codes for anosmin 1, a cell adhesion protein that is expressed in the olfactory system and the medial walls of primitive cerebral hemispheres.

Neuro I (30 decks)

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