Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards
Ach - General function
Crucial in producing consciousness, but not awareness
control of voluntary motion
initiation of REM sleep
Ach - central locations
pons
midbrain
the striatum
Ach - vesicular storage
Ach stored in clear vesicles
Moved into vesicles by VAchT
Ach - Catabolism
Acetylcholinesterase bound to the POST synaptic cell membrane
Ach Receptors (2)
nicotinic (NAchR)
muscarinic (MAchR)
Muscarinic receptor properties
4 or 5 different types, all activated by muscarine
serpentine receptor
GPCR
M1 (neuronal) MAchR
Gq
increase IP3/DAG, Increase Ca++
M2 (cardiac) MAchR
Gi
decrease cAMP, increase K+ efflux
M3 (sm m. of bronchi, vasculature, endothelial cells of vasculature) MAchR
NO
Gq
IP3/DAG, increase Ca++
in the vasculature NO is the major effector (which wins)
Nicotinic receptors
located at NMJ (Na), autonomic ganglia, other parts of the CNS (Ca, Na)
5 subunits
IONOTROPIC
allow for Na entrance, allthough some neuronal forms allow for significant Ca influx
Amino acid NTs (list)
glutamate, aspartate, taurine (EAAS)
GABA, glycine (inhibitory amino acids)
GABA - location
cerebellum
cortex
retina
GABA - functional roles
major inhibitory NT in the higher CNS
critical for producing consciousness/awareness
control of voluntary motion
GABA - synthesis
glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) derived from glutamate
GABA - how is action limited
reuptake
catabolism by GABA transaminase
GABA - what does it bind to
GABA-A and GABA-B receptors
GABA-A receptors ionotropic/metabotropic subunits ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic other important chemicals
IONOTROPIC
5 subunits
Cl- conductance
benzodiazapine site potentiates
GABA-B receptors ionotropic/metabotropic subunits ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic other important chemicals
heterodimer G protein (Gq and Gi) decreases adenylyl cyclase, increases K+ efflux. AND decreases IP3/DAG, decreases Ca influx
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Many general anesthetics are now postulated to produce anesthesia by activating what receptors?
GABA receptors, mostly GABA-A, at extra-synaptic locations throughout the cortex
Glycine - location
spinal cord
brainstem
forebrain (less than gaba)
glycine - function
mediates many spinal inhibitions
glycine - binds to
glycine receptors
glycine receptor ionotropic/metabotropic subunits ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic other important chemicals
ionotropic
a=glycine binding, b = structural
Cl-
blocked by strychnine
Peptide NT (2)
opiods
endocannabanoids
coded for by genes, originally thought to be neuromodulators