Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards

0
Q

Ach - General function

A

Crucial in producing consciousness, but not awareness
control of voluntary motion
initiation of REM sleep

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1
Q

Ach - central locations

A

pons
midbrain
the striatum

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2
Q

Ach - vesicular storage

A

Ach stored in clear vesicles

Moved into vesicles by VAchT

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3
Q

Ach - Catabolism

A

Acetylcholinesterase bound to the POST synaptic cell membrane

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4
Q

Ach Receptors (2)

A

nicotinic (NAchR)

muscarinic (MAchR)

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5
Q

Muscarinic receptor properties

A

4 or 5 different types, all activated by muscarine
serpentine receptor
GPCR

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6
Q

M1 (neuronal) MAchR

A

Gq

increase IP3/DAG, Increase Ca++

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7
Q

M2 (cardiac) MAchR

A

Gi

decrease cAMP, increase K+ efflux

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8
Q

M3 (sm m. of bronchi, vasculature, endothelial cells of vasculature) MAchR

A

NO
Gq
IP3/DAG, increase Ca++

in the vasculature NO is the major effector (which wins)

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9
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

located at NMJ (Na), autonomic ganglia, other parts of the CNS (Ca, Na)
5 subunits
IONOTROPIC
allow for Na entrance, allthough some neuronal forms allow for significant Ca influx

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10
Q

Amino acid NTs (list)

A

glutamate, aspartate, taurine (EAAS)

GABA, glycine (inhibitory amino acids)

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11
Q

GABA - location

A

cerebellum
cortex
retina

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12
Q

GABA - functional roles

A

major inhibitory NT in the higher CNS
critical for producing consciousness/awareness
control of voluntary motion

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13
Q

GABA - synthesis

A
glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
derived from glutamate
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14
Q

GABA - how is action limited

A

reuptake

catabolism by GABA transaminase

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15
Q

GABA - what does it bind to

A

GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

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16
Q
GABA-A receptors
ionotropic/metabotropic
subunits
ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic
other important chemicals
A

IONOTROPIC
5 subunits
Cl- conductance
benzodiazapine site potentiates

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17
Q
GABA-B receptors
ionotropic/metabotropic
subunits
ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic
other important chemicals
A

heterodimer G protein (Gq and Gi) decreases adenylyl cyclase, increases K+ efflux. AND decreases IP3/DAG, decreases Ca influx
-

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18
Q

Many general anesthetics are now postulated to produce anesthesia by activating what receptors?

A

GABA receptors, mostly GABA-A, at extra-synaptic locations throughout the cortex

19
Q

Glycine - location

A

spinal cord
brainstem
forebrain (less than gaba)

20
Q

glycine - function

A

mediates many spinal inhibitions

21
Q

glycine - binds to

A

glycine receptors

22
Q
glycine receptor
ionotropic/metabotropic
subunits
ion conductance (if ionotropic)/Gprotein if metabotropic
other important chemicals
A

ionotropic
a=glycine binding, b = structural
Cl-
blocked by strychnine

23
Q

Peptide NT (2)

A

opiods
endocannabanoids

coded for by genes, originally thought to be neuromodulators

24
Opiods - location
basal ganglia hypothalamus parabrachial nuclei and raphe nuclei
25
opiods - general functions
modification of nociceptive inputs | modification of mood/affect
26
Opioid - 4 precursor molecules
proenkephalin pro-opiomelanocortin prodynorphin orphanin FQ
27
proenkephalin - sequence and 2 major variants
tyr-gly-gly-phe-x met-enkephalin leu-enkephalin
28
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
B endorphins
29
prodynorphin
When you cut up prodynophin, it gives rise to 4 opioid molecules 3 molecules of leu-enkephalin dynorphins (8aa or 17aa) --> a smaller form OR the larger form
30
Orphanin FQ aka?
nociceptin
31
How are opioids made?
Since they are peptides, they are made through the usual protein synthetic machinery
32
How do we limit opioid action?
enzymatic activity, possibly after reuptake enkephalinase A and B aminopeptidase
33
What (3) receptors do opioids bind to?
mu, kappa, delta
34
Mu receptor | receptor type and effects
serpentine ANALGESIA, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, EUPHORIA sedation, constipation
35
Kappa receptor | receptor type and effects
serpentine receptor, ANALGESIA, DYSPHORIA diuresis, miosis
36
Delta receptor | receptor type and effects
serpentine | ANALGESIA
37
all opioid receptors are _______ and are ______ adenylyl cyclase
serpentine receptors inhibit Mu - increases K+ efflux and hyperpolarizes Kappa and delta - decrease Ca
38
The two endocannabanoids are
anadaminde | 2-AG (arachydonylglycerol)
39
Anadamide
"bliss" | arachidonic acid +ethanoloamine
40
2-Arachydonylglycerol
arachadonic acid esterified into the middle, #2 position of glycerol
41
Distribution of endocannabinoids in the CNS
``` broad distribution hippocampus - memory formation Basal Ganglia - affect, motor spinal cord - modulation of nociception neocortex - neuroprotective (?) ```
42
What type of receptors do the endocannabinoids bind to? (2)
CB-1 and CB-2
43
``` CB-1 receptor where what type what it does what it binds ```
axons and presynaptic terminals of EAA and GABA synapses Gi protein coupled receptor reduces NT release binds to either anadamide or 2-AG equally
44
``` CB -2 receptor where what type of receptor additional sites found function ```
found in brain MICROGLIA, not neurons metabotropic immune system and gut antiinflammatory, in brain cause macrophage to remove B-amyloid