Motor Control - Voluntary Control

Question 1

name the several areas associates with the production of voluntary movement

Answer 1

primary motor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
premotor cortez
prefrontal crotex
parietal cortex

Question 2

reaching and grasping are

Answer 2

two different movements that require two different inds of visual information, which the brain handles differently

Question 3

reaching - relation to visual inputs

Answer 3

higher processing of visual inputs
dorsal pathway from occipital cortex to the parietal?frontal cortex allows us to complete motor acts based on visual input

Question 4

you need information about an object;s location in relation to your body in order to

Answer 4

reach effectively

Question 5

from the visual cortex, information is relayed to what motor areas

Answer 5

parietaly cortex, specifically 
V6A, 
PEC
MIP
and VIP

Question 6

The end result of sending visual information to the parietal cortex

Answer 6

the VIP creates a rough map of the pace around you, including the object you’re reaching for

Question 7

from the VIP information is sent where

Answer 7

f4 within the premotor cortex

Question 8

the end result of sending visual information to f4 premotor

Answer 8

F4 creates a detailed map of the space around you,

neurons here are particularly excited by proximity

Question 9

second pathway to use visual information and convert to motor - relies on the

Answer 9

superior parietal cortex

Question 10

the superior parietal cortex receives

Answer 10

visual information about where your arm is in space, since that;s what;s moving

Question 11

information about where your arm is in space is sent to

Answer 11

superior parietal cortex to F2 in the premotor cortex

Question 12

end result of sending visual information to F2

Answer 12

F2 constructs a related map but it is of where your arm is in relationship to your body and the things around you

Question 13

visual cues for grasping

Answer 13

dependant on the purpose of your action

Question 14

anterior intraparietal area and PFG contain neurons that respond to seeing an object to grasp

Answer 14

visually dominant

Question 15

anterior intraparietal area and PFG are parts of the

Answer 15

inferior parietal cortex

Question 16

the anterior intraparietal area dn PFG also contains a set of neurons that are actie when grasping the object =

Answer 16

motor dominant

Question 17

the anterior intraparietal area dn PFG also contains a set of neurons that are active that respond to seeing the object to grasp AND when grasping

Answer 17

visuomotor neurons

Question 18

anterior intraparietal area and pfg relay enformation to

Answer 18

F5

Question 19

F5 neurons fire with the ____ not the ___

Answer 19

goal (purpose)
motor act

so the f5 neurons are likely active in two setting where the goal is the same, even if the motor action is very different.

Question 20

Neural components for reaching for an object - summary

Answer 20

need visual map of object in relation to you
primary visual cortex (via dorsal pathway)–>VIP creates map–> relays to F4, which creates a detailed map

parallel pathway creates a map of where your ARM is in relation to you, using superior parietal cortex–> F2

Question 21

Neural components for grasp - summary

Answer 21

areas of the inferior parietal cortex realty information to F5–> f5 condos the GOAL of the action

Question 22

Grasping inputs and reching inputs are then sent on to be turned into

Answer 22

motion

Question 23

receives the sensory information required to move (particularly f4 and f5 - the ventral parts)

Answer 23

premotor cortex

Question 24

dorsal part applies the rules that determine whether it is appropriate to move

Answer 24

premotor cortex

Question 25

identifies the intent of motion and decides what motion to produce

Answer 25

premotor cortex

Question 26

supplementary cortex divisions (2)

Answer 26

supplementary motor area=SMA= postural control | presupplementary area =preSMA=plans the motor program, required to make the action occur

Question 27

organizes motor sequences

Answer 27

supplementary motor cortex

Question 28

acquire motor skills

Answer 28

supplementary motor cortex

Question 29

executive control (particularly the decision to switch actions /strategies)

Answer 29

supplementary cortex

Question 30

primary motor cortex - description

Answer 30

precentral gyrus controls specific movements regions of the body that do fine motions have proportionally high representation arranged in columns

Question 31

primary motor cortex stimulation of neurons

Answer 31

stimulation of any gien column produces a specific movement if we are in an area that controls a more general motion, simulation may produce contraction of a GROUP of muscles

Question 32

primary motor cortex - layer 4 receives

Answer 32

sensory input (mm and joint proprioceptors, among others)

Question 33

primary motor cortex - layer 5

Answer 33

output for corticospinal (pyramidal ) pathway

Question 34

primary motor cortex - two sets of neurons in each column

Answer 34

one to start the motion | one to maintain it as long as necessary

Question 35

primary motor cortex - neighboring columns control

Answer 35

related motions, not neighboring muscles

Question 36

primary motor cortex - two KINDS of columns

Answer 36

on/off for agonist m | off/on for antagonist muscle

Question 37

each individual motion required to grab and object war coded for by

Answer 37

a column in the primary motor cortex

Question 38

premotor cortex

Answer 38

determine whether it is okay to move | identifies the goal and the motion required to meet that goal

Question 39

supplementary motor cortex

Answer 39

postural controls identifies specific motor sequins required changes tactics if necessary p

Question 40

primary motor cortex

Answer 40

codes the individual motions required to reach goal

Question 41

in addition to the cerebral cortex, what brain structure is also important for reaching for an object

Answer 41

cerebellum

Question 42

Role of the cerebellem

Answer 42

sequence complex actions correct force/direction balance and eye movements learning complex actions

Question 43

spinocerebellum - central

Answer 43

postural control

Question 44

spinocerebellum - either side of the vermis

Answer 44

force and direction

Question 45

cerebrocerebellem (lateral regions)

Answer 45

plan complex motions | sequence

Question 46

vestbulocerebellem

Answer 46

balance/eyemovements | future not current

Question 47

outputs from the cerebellum are via the

Answer 47

deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 48

the deep cerebellar nuclei include

Answer 48

dentate nucleus fastigial nucleus interpositus (globose, emoliformis)

Question 49

cells leaving the deep nuclei are generally

Answer 49

excitatory to contration

Question 50

vermis (spinocerebellum) inputs

Answer 50

vestibular visual and auditory efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle)

Question 51

vermis (spinocerebellum) outputs

Answer 51

interpositius n fstigial n to rubrospinal tract

Question 52

spinocerebellum (lateral parts) inputs

Answer 52

``` muscle afferent efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle) ```

Question 53

spinocerebellum (lateral parts) outputs

Answer 53

interpositis nucleus | rubrospinal tract

Question 54

cerebrocerebellum inputs

Answer 54

cerebral cortex (all)

Question 55

cerebrocerebellum outputs

Answer 55

dentate | back to cortex

Question 56

vestibulocerebellum - inputs

Answer 56

vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)

Question 57

vestibulocerebellum - output

Answer 57

fastcial nucleus vestibular nuclei ascend or descend