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Therapeutic Options: cancer Flashcards

1
Q

….. a link with red meat consumption breast cancer :

A

CRC

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2
Q

….. a link with saturated fat intake

A

Breast Cancer

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3
Q

Cervical cancer screening

A

smear tests

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4
Q

Breast cancer screening

A

mammography

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5
Q

CRC screening

A

faecal occult blood test (FOBT)

check for GIT bleeding

On 50th birthday

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6
Q

prostate cancer screening

A

PSA blood test

(Not national yet)

controversial

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7
Q

lung cancer screening

A

MR / CT scanning
breath test

controversial

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8
Q

Genetic link between CRC & ….

A

familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) -

autosomal dominant - screen families for APC(Adenomatous polyposis coli) mutations

regular colonoscopy - offer panprotocolectomy when adenomas found

remove all of the colon, rectum

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9
Q

Breast cancer linked with …… genes

A

BRCA1 (better prognosis compared to BRCA2); BRCA2

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10
Q

Chemo prevention for Primary oesophageal cancer

A

antioxidants

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11
Q

Chemo prevention for Primary breast cancer

A

prophalytic tamoxifen

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12
Q

Chemo prevention for secondary H&N or lung cancer

A

anti oxidants - no benefit

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13
Q

surgery
radiotherapy
ablation (destroy by freezing, radio-frequency, etc)
isolated limb perfusion (block supply and supply treatment to that specific area) - less common

A

local or regional treatment

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14
Q

hormonal therapy
chemotherapy
immunotherapy
whole body irradiation (for BMT)

A

systemic treatment

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15
Q

anatomical clearance - remove all

A

Surgery

Treat 50% cancer case
Quality of surgery - success of outcome

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16
Q

anatomical coverage - can treat inoperable lesions

A

Radiotherapy

can make surgery become possible
can maintain function and / or appearance

17
Q

Location of cancer

A

examination, radiology/imaging

18
Q

Type of cancer

A

histo/cytopathology

19
Q

Inoperable lesion

A

T cell NHL (Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma)

Radiotherapy

20
Q

5 R’s of radiobiology

A 
radiosensitivity 
repair
re-population
re- oxygenation
re-assortment
21
Q

Cancers cured by radiotherapy

A

head and neck, cervix / uterus, skin, lymphoma

22
Q

Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy

A

anal cancer, rectal cancer, oesophageal cancer

23
Q

Important role of radiotherapy in palliation

A

pain, bleeding, swollen limb

24
Q

Indications for the use of cytotoxic drugs (different type of chemotherapy)

A

curative
palliative
adjuvant
neoadjuvant

25
Q

Systemic treatment is beneficial for….. , but can also result in ,,,,

A

widespread disease
widespread toxicity

Can be specific

26
Q

benefits in -
breast cancer: ER+ve ; tamoxifen ( decreased oestrogen prod)
Long term therapy - more side effects

prostate cancer: LHRH antagonists (decreased testesterone) - short term therapy

A

Hormone therapy

‘specific’ or ‘targetted’ therapy
prevention’ trials in high risk group

27
Q

Immune Therapy clinically used for

A

melanoma

Immune Therapy

‘specific’ • monoclonal antibodies - rituximab ; B cell NHL: +/- radioactivity - trastuzumab & response in HER2 +ve breast & gastric cancer
• programmed cell death pathway (PD-1) - uses immune system to attack ‘foreign’ cancer cells
• chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells - artificial T-cell receptors, using retroviral vectors to give an specific cell killing function directed against cancer cells
• ‘non specific’

28
Q

‘specific’, based on molecular science - intracellular growth control points

A

‘Designer’ therapies

  • imatinib: blocks a tyrosine kinase very useful in CML ; GISTS
  • ZD1839 (‘Iressa’): EGFR inhibitor - in lung cancer need to have specific mutation
29
Q

Herceptin (breast and ovarian) being to specific Ag - destruction or block GF signal

A

Mono Ab immunotherapy

HER2 adjuvant treatment response in HER2 +ve breast

B cell NHL: +/- radioactivity - trastuzumab

30
Q

uses immune system to attack ‘foreign’ cancer cells

A

programmed cell death pathway (PD-1)

PDL 1 present on cancer cells - binds with PD1 > prevent communication to T cell - remain undetected

Blocking the binding, PD1 can signal T cell to kill the cancer cell = treatment?

31
Q

artificial T-cell receptors, using retroviral vectors to give an specific cell killing function directed against cancer cells

A

chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells

32
Q

uses own body immune sys to recognise cancer cells

A

immune therapy

33
Q

specific -molecular

intracellular growth control points

A

designer therapy

imatinib - CML

34
Q

chemotherapy (reduce tumour size) and then surgery

A

neoadjuvant

35
Q

Chk inhibitor …. radio sensitivity

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