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Principles of immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

Ag stimulates immune response

Immunological memory

A

Active immunisation

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2
Q

Long term immunity – may be lifelong

No immediate effect, but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter

A

Active immunisation

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3
Q

Ist response of Ag encounter involves

A

IgM - primary response

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4
Q

2st response of Ag encounter involves

A

IgG - secondary response

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5
Q

MMR is type of

A

live attenuated

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6
Q

attenuated pathogenic organism by repeated passage in cell culture or a non-human host
long-lasting antibody response after 1 or 2 doses
Reversion to WT

A

live attenuated

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7
Q

BCG and polio are type of

A

live attenuated vaccine

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8
Q

not for immunocompromised, pregnancy

Require refrigeration until administration

A

live attenuated

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9
Q

rabies, influenza, polio (IPV), hepatitis A, are a type of

A

killed (inactivated) vaccine

RIP A Rest In Pace Always ( For killed viruses in vaccination)

Rabies
Influenza
Polio
A Hepatitis

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10
Q

pathogen inactivated by formaldehyde

A

killed/inactivated

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11
Q

which vaccine do not revert to WT?

A

killed

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12
Q

Which causes stronger immune resp - Live attenuated or killed?

A

Killed Promote weaker immune responses in comparison to live vaccines – multiple doses may be required

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13
Q

Some inactivated vaccines contain…… (subs that enhance the Ab response)

A

adjuvants

e.g. some killed and subunits
Possible side effects of producing inflammatory responses against other proteins and antigens contained within the vaccine

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14
Q

Only induces immunity against the toxin, not the organism that produces it

A

Toxoid (Modified Toxin)

Toxin is treated with formalin
Toxoid retains antigenicity but has no toxic activity

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15
Q

Tetanus and diphtheria are a type of

A

toxoid

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16
Q

Safe and specific - no infectious agent, highly purified

Easy to produce large amounts

A

subunit

Increasing purity leads to loss of immunogenicity – may need adjuvant

17
Q

Purified Microbial Products is a type of……. E.g. include

A

subunit.

influenza, pertussis

18
Q

Recombinant (genetically engineered) is a type of……. E.g. include ……. for HBV vaccination

A

subunit.
hepatitis B surface antigen

Gene encoding the antigen is excised from the organism’s nucleic acid
Gene is inserted into yeast chromosome by molecular genetic techniques
Yeast grows in culture and produces antigen

19
Q

Conjugation of the carbohydrate Ag to a protein carrier

A

Conjugate

Carbohydrates are poor antigens (do not stimulate the immune system as broadly as protein antigens), especially in babies
Conjugation makes them more effective

20
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b, are a type of

A

conjugate

21
Q

Neisseria meningitidis C is a type of

A

conjugate

22
Q

Primary aim of vaccination is to ……………. who receives the vaccination

A

protect the individual

23
Q

Herd immunity

A

Vaccinated individuals are less likely to be a source of infection to others
Reduces the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection
Individuals who cannot be vaccinated will still benefit from routine vaccination programmes

24
Q

Temporary contraindications of vaccination are

A

preg and febrile illness (You have a fever, but the cause is not certain)

25
Q

Permanent contraindications of vaccination are

A

Allergy

Immunocompromised – cannot be given live attenuated vaccines as individuals may develop disease from the vaccine strain

26
Q

Placental transfer of IgG and Colostral transfer of IgA are type of

A

passive natural immunity

27
Q

Immune cells and Ig treatment are a type of

A

passive artificial immunity

28
Q

Contains all antibodies – protein extracted from a pooled blood donations

A

Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)

29
Q

Selected blood donors with high antibody titres against a specific organism
e.g.
Hypogammaglobulinaemia therapy
Post-exposure immunisation

A

Human specific immunoglobulin

30
Q

…………………. and ………… are used for Immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis

A

Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)

Human specific immunoglobulin

31
Q

Hepatitis A
Measles
Polio
Rubella

are eg. of…

A

HING

32
Q

Hepatitis B
Rabies
Tetanus
Varicella-Zoster Virus

are eg. of…

A

Specific Immunoglobulins

33
Q

Advantage of passive immunity

A

immediate protection

34
Q

Disadvantages of passive immunity

A

Short term - no immunological memory
Serum sickness – incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis
Graft versus host disease GVHD (cell grafts only) – incoming immune cells reject the recipient

35
Q

Types of vaccination

STACK

A 
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated (Live)
Conjugate
Killed

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