Principles of immunisation Flashcards
Ag stimulates immune response
Immunological memory
Active immunisation
Long term immunity – may be lifelong
No immediate effect, but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter
Active immunisation
Ist response of Ag encounter involves
IgM - primary response
2st response of Ag encounter involves
IgG - secondary response
MMR is type of
live attenuated
attenuated pathogenic organism by repeated passage in cell culture or a non-human host
long-lasting antibody response after 1 or 2 doses
Reversion to WT
live attenuated
BCG and polio are type of
live attenuated vaccine
not for immunocompromised, pregnancy
Require refrigeration until administration
live attenuated
rabies, influenza, polio (IPV), hepatitis A, are a type of
killed (inactivated) vaccine
RIP A Rest In Pace Always ( For killed viruses in vaccination)
Rabies
Influenza
Polio
A Hepatitis
pathogen inactivated by formaldehyde
killed/inactivated
which vaccine do not revert to WT?
killed
Which causes stronger immune resp - Live attenuated or killed?
Killed Promote weaker immune responses in comparison to live vaccines – multiple doses may be required
Some inactivated vaccines contain…… (subs that enhance the Ab response)
adjuvants
e.g. some killed and subunits
Possible side effects of producing inflammatory responses against other proteins and antigens contained within the vaccine
Only induces immunity against the toxin, not the organism that produces it
Toxoid (Modified Toxin)
Toxin is treated with formalin
Toxoid retains antigenicity but has no toxic activity
Tetanus and diphtheria are a type of
toxoid
Safe and specific - no infectious agent, highly purified
Easy to produce large amounts
subunit
Increasing purity leads to loss of immunogenicity – may need adjuvant
Purified Microbial Products is a type of……. E.g. include
subunit.
influenza, pertussis
Recombinant (genetically engineered) is a type of……. E.g. include ……. for HBV vaccination
subunit.
hepatitis B surface antigen
Gene encoding the antigen is excised from the organism’s nucleic acid
Gene is inserted into yeast chromosome by molecular genetic techniques
Yeast grows in culture and produces antigen
Conjugation of the carbohydrate Ag to a protein carrier
Conjugate
Carbohydrates are poor antigens (do not stimulate the immune system as broadly as protein antigens), especially in babies
Conjugation makes them more effective
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b, are a type of
conjugate
Neisseria meningitidis C is a type of
conjugate
Primary aim of vaccination is to ……………. who receives the vaccination
protect the individual
Herd immunity
Vaccinated individuals are less likely to be a source of infection to others
Reduces the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection
Individuals who cannot be vaccinated will still benefit from routine vaccination programmes
Temporary contraindications of vaccination are
preg and febrile illness (You have a fever, but the cause is not certain)
Permanent contraindications of vaccination are
Allergy
Immunocompromised – cannot be given live attenuated vaccines as individuals may develop disease from the vaccine strain
Placental transfer of IgG and Colostral transfer of IgA are type of
passive natural immunity
Immune cells and Ig treatment are a type of
passive artificial immunity
Contains all antibodies – protein extracted from a pooled blood donations
Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)
Selected blood donors with high antibody titres against a specific organism
e.g.
Hypogammaglobulinaemia therapy
Post-exposure immunisation
Human specific immunoglobulin
…………………. and ………… are used for Immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis
Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)
Human specific immunoglobulin
Hepatitis A
Measles
Polio
Rubella
are eg. of…
HING
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Tetanus
Varicella-Zoster Virus
are eg. of…
Specific Immunoglobulins
Advantage of passive immunity
immediate protection
Disadvantages of passive immunity
Short term - no immunological memory
Serum sickness – incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis
Graft versus host disease GVHD (cell grafts only) – incoming immune cells reject the recipient
Types of vaccination
STACK
Subunit Toxoid Attenuated (Live) Conjugate Killed
