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Outline Of Cancer process Flashcards

1
Q

How do cancer cells grow/divide?

A

Mitosis - increased!! But abnormal

Invade and spread

Heterogenous group of disease
Most are monoclonal - arise from a single cell

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2
Q

Loss of contact inhibition
Increase in GF secretion
Increase oncogene
TSG decrease

Poorly differentiated - abnormal heterogenous cells

A

Cancer cells

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3
Q

Oncogene rare
Presence of TSG
Some/ coordinated GF secretion
Few mitosis

A

Normal cells

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4
Q

Carcinogen > initiation > promotion > tumour growth > (Metastases )progression to clinical cancer

A

Multistage carcinogenesis

To rem the order Think initiation as interphase; promotion as prophase, tumour growth as telophase - these are pre clinical cancer

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5
Q

Diagnostic threshold of tumour growth

A

1cm

(10^9 cancer cells)

Host death around 10^12)

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6
Q

Causes: Chemical, physical, viral carcinogens

A

Causes of cancer initiation

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7
Q

Causes - GF, oncogenes

A

Cause of cancer promotion

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8
Q

Causes - metastasis

A

Progression

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9
Q

Not random
Arcade of limited sequential steps
Involves tumour host interactions
Survival of the fittest

A

Metastasis

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10
Q

Invasion and Metastasis

Where are these enzymes involved?
MMP
Plasmin
Cathepsin

A

In ECM

matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)
To help rem: Plasma is a part of ECF - so =plasmin
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11
Q

Invasion and Metastasis

Where are these enzymes involved?

cahedrins (loss correlates with tumour invasion and metastasis)
Integrins
CD44

A

Cell adhesion

Remember by:cahedrins (adhere); Integrins (integrate); CD44( pair attach)

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12
Q

Cell carries receptor and secrete GF

Trigger response on it itself

A

Autocrine

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13
Q 
GFs activity on a cell are produced  locally by the cell or its immediate neighbours 
Short distance (adjacent cells)
A

Paracrine

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14
Q

Formation of new blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

Key factor in the maintenance and progression of malignant tumours

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15
Q

Degradation of …. required for new blood vessel formation. And new blood vessels must form for a tumour mass to …… In diameter

A

ECM
Exceed 2 mm

Clinical correlation are seen between vessel density, tumour malignancy and metastasis.

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16
Q

invasion of cancer cells through the basal membrane into a blood or lymphatic vessel

A

Intravasation

One of the carcinogenic events that initiate the escape of cancerous cells from their primary sites

17
Q

cancer cells exiting the capillaries and entering organs.

A

Extravasation (malignant cancer metastasis)

leakage of a fluid out of its container. In the case of inflammation, it refers to the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them (leukocyte extravasation), also known as diapedesis.

18
Q

…binds VEGF. It prevents interaction with … And activation of downstream signalling pathways

Ultimately vascular regression and tumour….

A

Anti-VEGF antibody Avastin

receptors

Dormant

The therapy normalises vasculature / ovarian carcinoma and glioma

This helps the drug accompanied to be more effective too

But it is limited in other areas

19
Q

Cancer

A

Mass
Tumour
Growth
Neoplasm

Carcinoma or disorderly growth of epithelial cells - invade adjacent tisc and spread by lymphatics and blood vessels to other parts of body

Most are monoclonal - arise from single cell

Only 20% originate in CT, MSK or nervous tisc

20
Q

Stimulate formation of blood vessels

A

VEGF

In normal healing too
But disorganised in cancer

21
Q

Why does our immune cells not recognise cancer cells

A

Cancer cells hide from T cells - programmed death receptor (PD1) on T lymphocytes cannot detect

PDL1 on tumour cell bind PD1 on T cells > suppression of T cell act

22
Q

PD1 inhibitor (checkpoints) improve overall survival

A

Nivolumab (anti-PD1 Ab)

tested in melanoma and lung cancer

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