Theories of aging

Question 1

Is aging homogeneous or heterogeneous?

Answer 1

heterogeneous, there is varying rates

Question 2

Which organ systems show physiological change with age

Answer 2

all

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

observable presentation of genes, influenced by lifestyle

Question 4

genotype

Answer 4

complete genetic makeup

Question 5

What % of variation in aging do genes account for?

Answer 5

30%

Question 6

Senescence

Answer 6

progressive physiological decline on a cellular level (loss of replication)

Question 7

Hayflick limit

Answer 7

50 division limitation of normal fetal fibroblasts

Question 8

what causes aging

Answer 8

no single answer, complex

Question 9

What are the 2 main categories of aging theories?

Answer 9

Programmed and natural (damage)

Question 10

What theory suggests genes and proteins have a programmed longevity?

Answer 10

Programmed theory

Question 11

Is stem cell exhaustion a programmed theory or natural damage theory?

Answer 11

programmed

Question 12

What is the evolutionary basis of programmed theory?

Answer 12

that limit lifespan has an evolutionary benefit

Question 13

What theory of aging is related to hormones?

Answer 13

endocrine theory (under programmed)

Question 14

What is the immunology theory? what chronic illness is an example?

Answer 14

changes in immunity lead to disease because the body cannot repair or attacks own cells (RA)

Question 15

What is the mito damage theory?

Answer 15

mutations and deletions of mtDNA causes ROS build up = aging

Question 16

What reduces ROS accumulation?

Answer 16

anti-oxidants

Question 17

What theory of aging suggests that endogenous and exogenous factors challenge the integrity of DNA, causing aging?

Answer 17

genome stability

Question 18

What is the telomere shortening theory?

Answer 18

telomeres shorten after each replication and eventually will no longer reproduce, leading to apoptosis

Question 19

How does PA effect oxidative stress?

Answer 19

PA increases oxidative stress but also decreases effects… hormesis

Question 20

hormesis

Answer 20

something is good, but too much is toxic

Question 21

what are the 8 hallmarks of aging

Answer 21

1. genomic instability
2. telomere attrition
3. loss of proteostasis
4. epigenetic alterations
5. senescence
6. mitochondrial dysfunction
7. stem cell exhaustion
8. altered communication

Question 22

Which of the following is not a hallmark of aging
- genomic alterations
- telomere attrition
- loss of proteostasis
- senescence

Answer 22

• genomic INSTABILITY

Question 23

Which of the following is not a hallmark of aging
- epigenetic alteration
- mitochondrial disfunction
- stem cell depletion
- altered communication

Answer 23

• stem cell EXHAUSTION